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Bio 150 > Chapter 6, 7, and 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 6, 7, and 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phototrophs

A

Capture Energy from sunlight

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2
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Get energy directly from chemical compounds

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A
  • Able to convert CO2 into glucose

- Make own organic carbon using inorganic carbon

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Rely on other organisms for their organic forms of carbon

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

Entire set of chemical reactions that convert molecules into other molecules and transfer energy in living organisms

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units, and in the process produce ATP

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Set of chemical reactions that builds molecules from smaller units and requires an input of energy (usually ATP)

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8
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Form of Potential Energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms

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9
Q

Entropy

A

Degree of Disorder

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10
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Transfer of energy is associated with an increase in entropy

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11
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

A

Amount of energy available to do work

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12
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Release energy and are spontaneous

-G

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13
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Require input of energy and are not spontaneous

+G

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14
Q

Enthalpy

A

(H) total amount of energy

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15
Q

Equation

A

H= G + TS

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16
Q

What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis?

A

Exergonic (releases energy)

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17
Q

Energetic Coupling

A 
Spontaneous reaction (exergonic) drives a non-spontaneous (endergonic) reaction 
Net G is negative
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18
Q

Transition State

A

State between reactants and products

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19
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy needed to reach transition state

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20
Q

Active Site

A

Part of the enzyme that binds substrate (reactant) and catalyzes it

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21
Q

Inhibitors

A

Decrease enzyme activity

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22
Q

Activators

A

Increase enzyme activity

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23
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A
  • enzymes that are regulated by molecules that bind at sites other than the active site
  • found at/near start of a metabolic pathway or at crossroads of multiple pathways
24
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Final product inhibits the first step of the reaction

25
Q

Cofactor

A

Substance that associates with an enzyme and plays a key role in its function

26
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Reduce activation energy
  • small active site, but very specific arrangement of amino acids
  • highly specific
27
Q

Catalysis

A

Substrate and product form a complex with the enzyme. Transient covalent bonds and/or weak noncovalent interactions stabilize the complex

28
Q

Do strong bonds have high chemical energy?

A

No because it does not require a lot of energy to remain intact

29
Q

Is energy needed to break covalent bonds ?

A

Yes, because going from a lower energy state to a higher energy state requires an input of energy. Covalent bonds have low potential energy because they are strong.

30
Q

Structure of ATP

A
  • Chemical energy in ATP is held in the bonds connecting the phosphate groups because they are negatively charged and tend to repel each other (this means that they have high potential energy)
  • When new, more stable bonds form with the phosphate, energy is released
31
Q

Is cellular respiration anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic because molecules are broken down

32
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

33
Q

How much ATP is produced from 1 molecule of glucose?

A

32 on average

34
Q

How is ATP generated?

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
    The hydrolysis of of phosphorylated organic molecule and the addition of a phosphate group to ADP.
  2. Oxidative Phosphorylation (during respiration)
    Electron carriers transport electrons released to the electron transport chain, which transfers electrons along a series of proteins to a final electron acceptor (02), Energy is harnessed to produce ATP
35
Q

Oxidized form of electron carriers

A

NAD+ and FAD

36
Q

Reduced form of electron carriers

A

NADH and FADH2

37
Q

Electron carrier reduction equations

A

NAD+ + 2e- + H+ -> NADH

FAD + 2e- + H+ -> FADH2

38
Q

Electron carrier oxidation equations

A

NADH-> NAD+ + 2e- + H+

FADH2 -> FAD + 2e- + H+

39
Q

Glycolysis

A

-glucose (6 Carbon molecule) split into 2 pyruvate (3 Carbon molecule)
-anaerobic
-10 chemical reactions
-3 phases:
1. Preparatory phase, uses 2 ATP (adds 2 phosphate groups to glucose). Endergonic
2. Cleavage, 6-carbon split into 2 3-carbon
3. Payoff, ATP, NADH, and 2 pyruvate
Products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH

40
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

-Links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
-occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
-pyruvate turns into acetyl-CoA
Products: 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 acetyl-CoA

41
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the chemical energy is transferred to ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and to the reduced electron carriers
  • takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
  • oxaloacetate is regenerated
  • produces: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per molecule of glucose
42
Q

Why do some organisms run the citric acid cycle backwards?

A
  • Allows an organism to build organic molecules

- some bacteria do this

43
Q

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Electrons pass through a chain of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane to oxygen, the final electron acceptor. The passage of electrons is coupled to the pumping of protons, into the intermembrane space. When electrons are passed it is a redox couple reaction. This creates a concentration and charge gradient which provides potential energy to synthesize ATP.

44
Q

Complex I

A

Accepts electrons from NADH

45
Q

Complex II

A

Accepts electrons from FADH2

46
Q

Oxygen in the Electron Transport Chain

A

When O2 accepts electrons, it is reduced to form water
O2 + 4e- + 4p+ -> 2H2O
catalyzed by complex IV

47
Q

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) (ubiquione)

A

accepts electrons from I and II

2e- and 2 p+ transferred to CoQ and create CoQH2

48
Q

CoQH2

A

diffuses in membrane to III
@ III, e- from CoQH2 is transferred to cytochrome c and p+ is released into the inner membrane space
cytochrome c is reduced and goes to complex IV

49
Q

ATP Synthase

A

couples the movement of protons with the synthesis of ATP
2 subunits: F0 and F1
F0 forms the channel for proton flow
F1 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP
Proton flow causes F0 to rotate, which causes F1 to rotate, which causes conformational changes that catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
mechanical rotational energy is converted into the chemical energy of ATP

50
Q

Fermentation

A

Breakdown of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen

51
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Occurs in animals and bacteria
electrons from NADH transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+
glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi -> 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP + 2H2O

52
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A

in plants and fungi
pyruvate releases carbon dioxide to form acetaldehyde, and e- from NADH transferred to acetaldehyde to produce ethanol and NAD+
glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP + 2H2O

53
Q

Excess glucose

A

starch- plants

glycogen- animals

54
Q

Fatty Acids

A

contain triacylglycerols which are an important form of energy storage in cells
breakdown of fatty acids is called beta oxidation

55
Q

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

A

has many allosteric activators, including ADP and AMP, and allosteric inhibitors, including ATP and citrate
when ATP levels are low, PFK-1 is activated, allowing glycolysis to continue
when ATP or citrate levels are high, PFK-1 is inhibited and glycolysis slows down

Bio 150 (2 decks)

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