Chapter 9: Air Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

What are typical sources of Air Pollution?

A
  • Vehicle emissions
  • Industrial emissions
  • Smoke and Burning
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2
Q

What are some Industrial air pollution sources?

A
  • Wood Industry
  • Upstream oil and gas
  • coal mining
  • small businesses
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3
Q

What are 3 statistics about Air Pollution?

A
  • Causes 1 in 9 deaths
  • 99% of world exposed
  • 7 million premature deaths a year
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4
Q

What two things is Air Pollution impacted by?

A
  • Emissions
  • Meterology
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5
Q

What are 5 types of Air Pollution?

A
  1. Industrial Smog
  2. Sulphureous Smog
  3. Photochemical Smog
  4. Criteria Pollutants
  5. Inside home/workplace pollution
    (IAQ - Indoor Air Quality)
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6
Q

What are primary pollutants?

A

substances emitted directly to atmosphere

  • combustion
  • evapouration
  • grinding and abrasion
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7
Q

What are secondary pollutants?

A

subsatnces already in atmosphere that react with sunlight

  • Photochemical smog
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8
Q

What is the major cause of all Air Pollution?

A

Combustion - especially incomplete combustion

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9
Q

What are some side products of incomplete combustion?

A
  • carbon monoxide
  • sulphur oxides
  • nitrogen oxides
  • fly ash
  • unburned hydrocarbons
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10
Q

How is photochemical smog formed?

A

Hydrocarbon evapouration leads to VOC.
VOC + NOx + sunlight forms photochemical smog.

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11
Q

What is another name for Photochemical Smog?

A

Ground-level ozone

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12
Q

What are some Criteria Air Contaminants?

A
  • Sulphur Oxides
  • Nitrogen Oxides
  • VOC’s
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Particulate Matter
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13
Q

What is the “silent killer”?

A

Carbon monoxide - formed by incomplete combustion.

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of NOx?

A

NO: Nitric Oxide
NO2: Nitrogen Oxide
HNO3: Nitric Acid

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15
Q

What causes the brownish haze in the atmosphere?

A

Colourless NO oxidizes to NO2 which reacts with the atmosphere and becomes HNO3.

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of SOx?

A

SO2: Suphur Dioxide
SO3: Suphur Trioxide
SO4: Sulphate

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17
Q

What are some problems caused by SOx?

A
  • Acid Rain
  • Respiratory Impacts
18
Q

What is Ozone responsible for as a pollutant?

A
  1. ~90% of all damage air pollution causes to agriculture. Damage is directly to plant.
  2. Attacks synthetic rubbers
  3. Attacks cellulose in textiles
19
Q

What is PM?

A

Particulate Matter - aerosols, dust, smoke, fumes, soot, smog, pollen

20
Q

What are the two sizes of PM particles?

A

PM10: can pass through throat/nose & enter lungs
PM2.5: can pass far into lungs

21
Q

What size of particle is responsible for lung cancer and heart disease?

A

PM2.5

22
Q

What is CEPA?

A

Federal governing legislation.
- controlled substances
- transportation emission standards
- products standards

23
Q

What is EMA?

A

Provincial governing legislation.
- open burning smoke
etc.

24
Q

What is CAAQS?

A

Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards.
- establishes 6 airsheds across the country
- requires provinces to identify air zones and management of air quality

25
Q

What are the 3 interrelated elements CAAQS consists of?

A
  • An averaging period
  • A numerical value
  • statistical form of numerical standard
26
Q

What was the first regional government in Canada to have air quality authority?

A

Metro Vancouver

27
Q

What are 4 goals of Metro Vancouver with Air Quality?

A
  • Improve air quality
  • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
  • Monitoring of outdoor air quality
  • Tracking of emissions
28
Q

What are the two fundamental elements of Air Transport?

A
  • Wind Direction
  • Wind Speed
29
Q

What is the Lapse Rate of an air parcel?

A

The lapse in temperature with altitude.

30
Q

What is positive vs. negative lapse rate?

A

Positive: temperature decreases with height
Negative: temperature increases with height

31
Q

What is an Air Parcel?

A

Body of air that acts as a whole, and has a constant number of molecules. Temperature is uniform.

32
Q

What is Buoyancy?

A

When an air parcel become warmer than surrounding air, it is less dense and rises.
When an air parcel becomes cooler than surrounding air, it is more dense and descends.

33
Q

What is a stable atmosphere?

A

It resists vertical motion and has low ability to disperse air pollutants emitted to it.

34
Q

What is Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A

Where no transfer of heat or mass occurs across boundaries of air parcel. Heats or cools at 9.8C/km

35
Q

What is Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A

Rising parcel containing water vapour will cool at dry adiabatic lapse rate until dew point. Then condensation releases latent heat into air parcel, so the the cooling rate of the parcel decreases. 6 or 7C/km

36
Q

What is the Environmental Lapse Rate?

A

Actual Temperature of atmosphere vs. Altitude.

37
Q

What is Mixing Height?

A

Max height an air parcel can ascend.

38
Q

What is Mixing Layer?

A

Air below the mixing height to the point of air emission release.

39
Q

What are Unstable Conditions?

A

Vertical movement of air parcel is upward or downward. Sunny days with low wind.

40
Q

What are Stable Conditions?

A

Vertical movement of air parcel is discouraged. Cooler air near land and upper warmer air layer constricts.

41
Q

What is Neutral Stability?

A

Environmental Lapse Rate is the same as Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate. Vertical movement is neither discouraged nor supported.

42
Q

What is Temperature Inversion?

A

Warmer layer resides above Cooler surface layer. Prone to occur near large population centers, coastal zones, valleys.