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Environmental Engineering > Chapter 7: Surface Water > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Surface Water Flashcards

1
Q

When does Water Pollution occur

A

When discharges of energy or materials degrade water

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2
Q

What are the 3 Water Pollution classifications?

A
  1. Nature of Pollutants
  2. Sources releasing them
  3. Water bodies into which they are discharged
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3
Q

How is Water Pollution measured?

A

By concentration of pollutants

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4
Q

What are some Water Pollutants of concern?

A
  1. Oxygen-demanding wastes
  2. Nutrients
  3. Thermal pollution
  4. Pathogens
  5. Acidification
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5
Q

What saturation value of DO do fish need?

A

At least 5 mg/L

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6
Q

What are two ways surface water pollution is measured?

A
  1. Concentrations of contaminant
  2. Potential for oxygen depletion
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7
Q

How is BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) created?

A

By oxygen demanding wastes decaying in the water

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8
Q

What is the five day BOD test?

A

Total amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the first 5 days of biodegredation

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9
Q

Think about the Oxygen consumed vs. time graph, and what are the components?

A
  1. L0
  2. BOD5
  3. Total BOD
  4. CBOD
  5. NBOD
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10
Q

Why are BOD5 tests not affected by nitrification?

A

Because NBOD starts 5 to 8 days into test

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11
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

A process whereby waterbodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth.

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12
Q

Name some sources of nutrients.

A
  1. Fertilizers
  2. Nitrogen deposits
  3. Soil
  4. Sewage
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13
Q

What are some results of Thermal Pollution?

A
  1. Reducing DO
  2. Accelerating eutrophication
  3. Affecting ecological processes
  4. Blocking fish migration paths
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14
Q

What are some causes of Thermal Pollution?

A
  1. Power plants
  2. Deforestation of shoreline
  3. Soil erosion
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15
Q

Name 4 types of disease causing pathogens

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Protozoa
  4. Helminth
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16
Q

Name and define transmission mechanisms of diseases in water

A
  1. waterborne: ingestion of pathogens through water
  2. water-washed: scarcity of water causing uncleanliness
  3. water based: contact with diseased water
  4. water related: involves host/vector that relies on water
17
Q

Name diseases and their vectors

A
  1. Diarrheal: microorganisms
  2. Schistosomiasis: water snails
  3. Malaria: mosquitos
  4. Onchocerciasis: black flies
18
Q

What is the drinking water guideline?

A

<500 ppm Total Dissolved Solids

19
Q

What are some common heavy metals?

A

Mercury
Arsenic
Copper
Barium
Cadmium
Lead

20
Q

What are VOC’s?

A

Volatile Organic compounds that become vapours or gases easily

21
Q

What pH level do very few aquatic organisms survive below

22
Q

What substances are harmful in low pH environments?

23
Q

What are Buffers?

A

Substances capable of neutralizing the added hydrogen ion

24
Q

What are the two components of the problem in the UN Sustainability Development Goal?

A

Water Quality
Water Quantity

25
Q

Name three UN sustainability goal 6’s (Water)

A
  1. safe universal access to drinking water for all
  2. access to sanitation and hygiene for all
  3. substantially increase water use efficiency
26
Q

What are two components of ensuring safe water quality?

A

Safe Drinking
Safe Release

27
Q

What are the steps in Municipal Drinking Water Treatment?

A

Screen: Particulate matter
Rapid Mix
Floculation/sedimentation: Solids (these steps remove colloids through transformation to large particles)
Granular Filtration
Clear well storage

28
Q

What are the 4 Wastewater Treatment classifications?

A
  1. Preliminary Treatment: screening, grit removal
  2. Primary Treatment: sedimentation (30% BOD, 60% TSS)
  3. Secondary Treatment: (90% BOD and TSS)
  4. Advanced/Tertiary: not usually used unless in environmentally sensitive waters
29
Q

What are the 4 types of stabilization ponds?

A
  1. Facultative Lagoon
  2. Aerated Lagoon
  3. Anaerobic pond
  4. Maturation pond
30
Q

What are types of natural systems for wastewater treatment?

A

Stabilization Ponds
Wetlands

31
Q

What two things cause lack of DO in lakes?

A

High BOD wastes
Eutrophication

32
Q

At what temperature does water become heaviest?

33
Q

Generally, does water become lighter or heavier as temperature increases?

A

lighter (above 4 Celcius)

34
Q

At what temperature does water become lightest?

35
Q

What are the three stratification layers of a lake?

A
  1. Epilimnion - warm, well mixed top layer
  2. Metalimnion - middle transition layer (thermocline)
  3. Hyoplimnion - cold, well mixed bottom layer
36
Q

During what seasons is the DO in a lake high?

A

Autumn and Spring turnovers

37
Q

What is the difference between a eutrophic and an oligotrophic lake?

A

Eutrophic lakes carry large amounts of nutrients, so have different levels of DO in August vs June.
Oligotrophic lakes have little nutrients, so are better suited to carrying more DO and consistent year round.

Environmental Engineering (5 decks)

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