Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is a joint/articulation?
A place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth
What is the relationship between joint mobility and joint stability?
Inverse relationship; as the mobility increases, the stability decreases.
What are the three structural (anatomically) joint classifications?
- Fibrous ( collagen fibers)
- Cartilaginous (cartilage)
- Synovial (fluid)
- *connective tissue vs lubricant
What are the three functional (physiological)
- Synarthrotic (immobile)
- Amphiarthtoric (slightly mobile)
- Diarthrotic (freely mobile)
- *stable vs mobile
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
- Sutures
- Gomphoses (teeth to maxilla)
- Syndesmoses (tib/fib, radius/ulna)
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
- Synchondroses ( hyaline cartilage, immobile)
- Symphyses (Fibrocartilage, slightly mobile
What are some characteristics of synovial joints?
- Freely movable (diarthrotic)
- Contain a joint cavity with synovial fluid
- Articular capsule
- Articular cartilage (Hyaline)
- Ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels
What two layers make up the articular capsule
- Fibrous layer (outer)
- Synovial membrane (inner)
What tissue makes up the outer fibrous layer? Purpose?
- Made up of dense irregular CT
- Strengthens the joint
What tissue makes up the inner synovial membrane? Purpose?
- Made up of loose CT
- Secretes synovial fluid (lubricates, nourishes, shock absorber)
What is the purpose of synovial accessories?
To reduce friction
What are the two types of synovial accessories?
- Bursae: sacs outside most joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, bone rub “bubble wrap”
- Tendons sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons, especially in confined areas (ankle, wrist)
Synovial joint classes by movement
- Uniaxial (1 plane of movement)
- Biaxial (2 planes of movement)
- Multiaxial (2+ planes of movement)
Synovial joint shapes from least to most movement
Plane (tarsals) – Hinge (elbow) – Pivot (atlanto-axial) – Condylar (knuckles) – Saddle (thumb) – Ball and socket (hip)
Synovial joint movements
- Gliding (flat surfaces of two bones slide back and forth or side to side
- Angular (angle between bones changes)
- Rotational (movement of bones along its long axis “no)
- Special
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
- Bring the bones closer together
- Bring the bones farther apart
- To go farther than 180 degrees
Abduction / Adduction
- To move away from the midline
- To move towards the midline
Pronation / Supination
- Palms face posteriorly (pour out)
- Palms face anteriorly (anatomical position)
Elevation / Depression
- Move superiorly
- Move inferiorly
Dosriflexion / Plantar flexion
- lifting the foot up
- pointing the toes down
Inversion / Eversion
- turn sole medially
- turn sole laterally
Protraction / Retraction
- nonangular movement anteriorly
- nonangular movement posteriorly
- *Only in the jaw
Opposition
-thumb’s ability to tough tips of fingers
