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Geography 2 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Time Periods

A

Eon
Era
Period
Epoch

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2
Q

Time periods today

A

Phanerozoic eon
Cenozoic era
Quaternary period
Holocene epoch

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3
Q

Superposition

A

Rich and sediment are always arranges with the oldest on bottom and the newest on the top

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4
Q

Law of horizontality

A

Rock start and sedimentary layers are laid down in horizontal strata

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5
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Assumes that the same physical process active in the environment today have operated throughout geologic time
“Present is the key to the past”

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6
Q

Three laws / theories

A

Superposition
Law of horizontality
Uniformitarianism

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7
Q

Lithosphere

A

Oceanic and continental crust

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8
Q

Athenosohere

A

Plastic

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9
Q

Continental crust is

A

Granite

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10
Q

Oceanic crust is

A

Basalt

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11
Q

Isostasy

A

Equilibrium formed between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere the crust depresses with weight and rebounds when it is removed

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12
Q

The geologic cycle

A

The formation and destruction of the earths surface (lithosphere) fueled by earths internal heat and by solar energy
1 hydrologic cycle
2 rock cycle
3 tectonic cycle

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13
Q

Mineral

A

An element of combination of elements that forms an inorganic natural compound

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14
Q

Rock

A

As assemblage of minerals bound together (granite) can be just a single mineral (rock salt)

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15
Q

Rock cycle rocks

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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16
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Rock that solidify and crystallize from a molten state they dorm magma

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17
Q

Intruded and extruded igneous rocks

A

Intruded into rock or extruded onto the surface (lava)

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18
Q

Igneous rock texture

A

Texture and degree of crystallization is determined by where and how fast it cooled

19
Q

Intrusive igneous rock

A

Coarse grained= slowed cooling

Granite

20
Q

Extrusive igneous rocks at

A

Fine grained = faster cooling

Basalt

21
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Derived from existing rock and organic material through the process of erosion and weathering particles are mechanically transported and deposited

22
Q

Lithification

A

The process of cementation compaction and hardening of sediments

23
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks

A

Sandstone
Formed by weathering and erosion
Sediment

24
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

Chemical weathering
Evaporites
Limestone

25
Q

Stratigraphy

A

The study of rock layers and their sequence thickness and distribution

26
Q

More clastic sedimentary rocks

A

Sandstone- formed from fine to coarse sand cemented with caCo3
Shale- most abundant sedimentary rock compaction of clay minerals

27
Q

Evaporites

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

Chemical sediments formed when water evaporates and leaves behaving a residue of salts
Ex gypsum, salt

28
Q

Hydrothermal activity

A

Causes chemical deposition of sediments

29
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Existing rock either igneous or sedimentary which goes through physical or chemical changes under pressure and inc temp
This rocks are generally harder and more resistant to weathering and erosion

30
Q

How do metamorphic rocks form

A

1 igneous rocks are compressed during plate movement
2 regional metamorphism- sediments are metamorphosed when their weight is great enough
3 contact metamorphism - intruded mahatma cooks adjacent rocks

31
Q

Foliated

A

Layers

32
Q

Nonfoliated

A

No layers

33
Q

Plate tectonics history

A

1912 Alfred wegener presented his idea that earths land masses migrate continental drift his theory wasn’t accepted until 1950-60s

34
Q

Plate tectonics

A

A conceptual model which includes the upwelling of magma crustal plate movements earthquakes volcanic activity subduction and more in shaping earths surface in regard to its continents and other physical features

35
Q

Seafloor spreading

A

Proposed by Hess and Dietz in the 1960s ad the mechanism which builds the oceanic mountain chain and drives continental movement

36
Q

Mid ocean ridges

A

Submarine mountain ranges along which the crust of the earth is fractured magma spills out cools to form new sea floor and spreads laterally

37
Q

Subduction zone

A

The area in which plates collide descend remelts and material is eventually recycled back into the earth

38
Q

Oceanic trenches

A

Created from subduction zones the deepest features on the earths surface

39
Q

Relative age of the oceanic crust

A

Younger than 160 million yrs

40
Q

Plate boundaries (3)

A

Convergent
Divergent
Transform faults

41
Q

Hot spots

A

Individual sites of upwelling material from the mantle occur beneath oceanic and continental crust and remain fixed as plates mice over them

42
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

Plates converge producing a subduction zone. Coastal area features mountains volcanoes and earthquakes

43
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

Plates diverge in areas of seafloor spreading at mid ocean ridges

44
Q

Transform boundary

A

Plates slide past each other forming a fracture zone including a transform fault in which plates move past each other in opposite directions along the fracture zone outside of the active fault plates move in the same direction

Geography 2 (6 decks)

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