Chapter 9 Flashcards
Proximity- Explain the study of seating and later friendship
Proximity: Refers to geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness.
Those who sat in neighboring seats were more likely to be friends than those in the same row, while those in the same row were more likely than those in control conditions
Familiarity- The mere exposure Effect
In choosing a marriage partner, what two traits did college students rank highest?
The mere exposure effect, or an increase in positive feelings toward a novel stimulus (person) based on frequent exposure to it.
Traits of honesty and trustworthiness.
What facial characteristics of women/men get the highest ratings?
Women - neonate qualities such as large eyes, prominent cheekbones, a small nose, and full lips.
Men - Strong jaw and a broad forehead.
What is a race difference in preference for body type?
African American men and women prefer a larger body type than European American men and women do.
What appears to contribute to body dissatisfaction?
Culture objectifying bodies, people feel greater pressure to meet the ideals of the body shape.
What is the Matching Hypothesis?
Explain how males “trade” occupational status for physical attractiveness.
The matching hypothesis proposes that people of similar levels of physical attractiveness gravitate toward each other.
Males are more likely to date someone who is physically attractive and care less about their economic status compared to themselves.
What reason do evolutionary social psychologist give for the female tendency to have little or no incentive for mating with many males while males may desire to mate with many females?
Males are required to invest little in the production of offspring besides copulation.
Females have to invest nine months in pregnancy and at least several years nourishing the offspring through breastfeeding.
According to research should you play hard to get?
No
People are attracted to others who are similar to them in what kinds of ways?
Demographic characteristics (age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, and education)
Intelligence
Physical attractiveness
Attitudes
Explain how social exchange theory predicts whether a relationship will continue
The theory postulates that interpersonal relationships are governed by the perceptions of the rewards and costs changed in interactions
Rewards include emotional support, status, and sexual gratification.
Costs include time and energy required, emotional conflicts, and the inability to engage in other rewarding activities.
List any 3 of 6 Rules for friendship
Intimacy, self-disclosure, trust, and preferred topics of conversation.
In the U.S. Women’s friendships are more emotionally based while men’s tend to be more activity based. Explain what this emans
Women’s friendships are closer and more satisfying because they involve more self-disclosure
What are women friends compared to men friends more likely to talk about?
Women’s friendships are closer and more satisfying because they involve more ___ ____
Women tend to discuss personal problems, people, relationships, and feelings.
Men tend to talk about sports, work, vehicles, and computers.
Self-Disclosure
What is Sexual Orientation?
Most studies of romantic love and relationships suffer from heterosexism. Explain
Are there similarities between homosexual and heterosexual couples in what they want in a relationship?
Sexual orientation: refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same gender, the other gender, or either gender.
Heterosexism: The assumption that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual. Questionnaires on romantic love/relationships fail to ask participant about their orientation.
Essentially the same.
Which gender tends to:
Be more romantic?
Fall in love more easily?
Fall out of love more easily?
Say “I love you” first?
Report physical symptoms with being in love, e.g. “floating on a cloud”
Men
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men and women have more ____ than ___ when to relationships.
Similarities than differences.
Explain in detail Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love by listing & explaining the 3 parts in detail
Intimacy: Wamrth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.
ex: Emotional support, valuing loved one.
Passion: Intense feelings (+ and -) experienced in love relationships, including sexual desire.
Commitment: Involves the decision and intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise.
Explain
Secure Attachment Style
Give example
Find it easy to get close to others and comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don’t worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.
Explain
Avoidant Attachment Style
Give example
I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust and allow myself to depend on others. I am nervous when anyone gets too close and often love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.
Explain
Anxious-ambivalent Attachment Style
Give example
I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or wont want to stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person and this desire scares people away.
How does each attachment style influence how supportive people are to their partners when under stress
Securely attached individuals have more-committed, satisfying, interdependent, and well-adjusted relationships compared to those who are insecurely attached.
Securely attached individuals both seek out and provide support under stress. Avoidant people withdraw from their partners and may become angry either when asked for support or when they don’t receive support.
Can attachment styles change?
Yes.
Experiences later in life such as consistent support (or lack of) from one’s partner can change one’s attachment anxiety.
Therapy may be a helpful option for those with attachment difficulties
Over time what happens to Passion in a love relationship? What happens to Intimacy and Commitment?
Passion peaks early in a relationship and declines in intensity.
Both intimacy and commitment increase as time progresses, although they develop at different rates
List any four of the give main reasons why relationships fail.
Premature commitment
Ineffective communication and conflict management skills
Becoming bored with the relationship
Availability of a more attractive relationship
List four suggestions that help relationships last
Take plent of time to get to know the other person before you make a long-term commitment.
Emphasize the positive qualities in your partner and relationship.
Develop effective conflict management skills
Find ways to bring novelty to long-term relationships.
What did researchers find when they compared the stability of romantic relationships that began on the Internet compared to traditional relationships?
Just as stable over two years as traditional relationships.
Contrast social versus emotional loneliness
Loneliness: Person has fewer interpersonal relationships than desired or when these relationships are not as satisfying as desired.
Emotional loneliness stems from the absence of an intimate attachment figure.
Social loneliness results from the lack of a friendship network.
List people who are more likely to be lonely.
Gay and lesbian adolescents.
College students.
Women
Divorced men
What social trends contribute to loneliness?
Because of busy schedules, face-to-face interactions at home are reduced as family members eat on the run, on their own, eat in front of the TV without meaningful family conversation.
Also people ordering their meals and doing banking at drive-up windows, purchase groceries via automated check out stations and etc.
List any two of the suggestions for overcoming loneliness.
Use the internet: Those with stigmatizsed social identities and those who find physical mobility difficult may benefit.
Resist temptation to withdraw from social situations/
Break out of the habit of self-defeating attributional style. “I’m lonely because i’m unlovable”
Give any four cognition (patterns of thinking) typical of lonely people
“I’m undesirable”
“I’m dull and boring”
“I wont risk being hurt again”
“I’d screw up any relationship”
Who is the loneliest age group?
Adolescents and young adults.
