Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is Person Perception?
The process of forming impressions of others.
What are attributions?
Internal? External?
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior, others’ behavior, and events.
Internal- ascribing the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, or feeling.
External- Ascribing causes to situational demands and environmental constraints.
Shortly after meeting someone you start guessing what that person is like.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to seek information that supports one’s beliefs while not pursing disconfirming information.
How does Self-Fulfilling prophecy take place?
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations.
How do people categorize by using in-group and out-group designations?
What are stereotypes?
Explain “What-is-beautiful-is-good” sterotype
On the basis of nationality, race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, and so forth. Ingroup:us | Outgroup: them
Stereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.
“Physically attractive people are believed to have desirable personality traits”
What is out-group Homogeneity?
Out-Group Homogeneity: Others are seen as “all like” while one’s own group is perceived to be “diverse”
Fundamental Attribution Error
What are cultural differences in the way American explain behavior compared to East Asians?
Refers to the tendency to explain other people’s behavior as the result of personal rather than situation factors.
Americans are individualistic and assume that individuals are responsible for their actions
Explain Defensive Attribution and relate it to how homeless people are often perceived
A tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.
People blame the homeless for their plight
Explain how Selectivity influences Person Perception. “Mr.blank” example
“People see what they expect to see”
Researchers told students that a lecturer was either “cold” or “warm”
Those who were told he was warm perceived him to be nicer.
Explain how Consistency influences Person Perception.
What is the Primacy Effect?
First impressions are powerful.
Primacy effect occurs when initial information carries more weight than subsequent information
Explain the follow aspects of Prejudice
Old Fashioned vs Modern Discrimination
Old Fashioned: Segregation. Explicit discrimination by the government
Modern: People privately harbor racist or sexist attitudes but express them only when they feel safe.
Aversive Racism?
Occurs when endorsement of egalitarian ideals is in conflict with unconscious negative reactions to minority groups.
Describe a person who is a Right-Wing Authoritarian
Personality type characterized by prejudice towards any group perceived to be different from oneself
Describe a person who has a Social Dominance Oreintation
Prefer inequality among social groups, believing in a hierarchy where some are destined to dominate others, such as men over women, majorities over minorities, or heterosexuals over homosexuals.
How do people use the Ultimate Attribution Error in evaluating targets of prejudice?
Ultimate attribution error- Perceiving negative characteristics as being dispositional (personality based) and due to group membership
If people note an ethnic neighborhood dominated by crime and poverty they blame these problems on the residents.
