Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is Person Perception?
The process of forming impressions of others.
What are attributions?
Internal? External?
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior, others’ behavior, and events.
Internal- ascribing the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, or feeling.
External- Ascribing causes to situational demands and environmental constraints.
Shortly after meeting someone you start guessing what that person is like.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to seek information that supports one’s beliefs while not pursing disconfirming information.
How does Self-Fulfilling prophecy take place?
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations.
How do people categorize by using in-group and out-group designations?
What are stereotypes?
Explain “What-is-beautiful-is-good” sterotype
On the basis of nationality, race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, and so forth. Ingroup:us | Outgroup: them
Stereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.
“Physically attractive people are believed to have desirable personality traits”
What is out-group Homogeneity?
Out-Group Homogeneity: Others are seen as “all like” while one’s own group is perceived to be “diverse”
Fundamental Attribution Error
What are cultural differences in the way American explain behavior compared to East Asians?
Refers to the tendency to explain other people’s behavior as the result of personal rather than situation factors.
Americans are individualistic and assume that individuals are responsible for their actions
Explain Defensive Attribution and relate it to how homeless people are often perceived
A tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.
People blame the homeless for their plight
Explain how Selectivity influences Person Perception. “Mr.blank” example
“People see what they expect to see”
Researchers told students that a lecturer was either “cold” or “warm”
Those who were told he was warm perceived him to be nicer.
Explain how Consistency influences Person Perception.
What is the Primacy Effect?
First impressions are powerful.
Primacy effect occurs when initial information carries more weight than subsequent information
Explain the follow aspects of Prejudice
Old Fashioned vs Modern Discrimination
Old Fashioned: Segregation. Explicit discrimination by the government
Modern: People privately harbor racist or sexist attitudes but express them only when they feel safe.
Aversive Racism?
Occurs when endorsement of egalitarian ideals is in conflict with unconscious negative reactions to minority groups.
Describe a person who is a Right-Wing Authoritarian
Personality type characterized by prejudice towards any group perceived to be different from oneself
Describe a person who has a Social Dominance Oreintation
Prefer inequality among social groups, believing in a hierarchy where some are destined to dominate others, such as men over women, majorities over minorities, or heterosexuals over homosexuals.
How do people use the Ultimate Attribution Error in evaluating targets of prejudice?
Ultimate attribution error- Perceiving negative characteristics as being dispositional (personality based) and due to group membership
If people note an ethnic neighborhood dominated by crime and poverty they blame these problems on the residents.
Briefly explain the Asch Conformity study with the estimates of length of lines and discuss the results.
What happened when group size increased from 2->4?
What happened to conformity when a 2nd person challenged the group?
They had a picture of 1 line and 3 pictures of similar lines.
The obvious answer was that Line B matched the original, however, 5 people who were planted all intentionally chose line C. This resulted in the random participant also choosing line C.
As group size increases, conformity increased.
Conformity drastically lowered
Bystander effect
Tendency for individuals to be less likely to provide help when others are present than when they are alone
Explain how Milgram’s Obedience study was set up
Participants were the “teacher” and had to deliver an electric shock to the “student” whenever they mae a mistake. The machine was actually fake and the learner was never shocked. The student intentionally made many mistakes and the teacher had to increase the shock level after each wrong answer.
At 300 volts the learner began to pound on the wall.
What % of subjects administered all 30 levels of shock?
65%
What was Milgram’s chilling assertion?
Obedience to authority was even more common than he or others had anticipated
Under what conditions did the person refuse to ride with a drunk driver?
When someone against the idea refused to enter the car.
Persuasion
Foot-in-the-Door
Involves getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later.
Persuasion
Low Ball
Involves getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed.
Persuasion
The Reciprocity Princple
The rule that one should pay back what one receives from others
Persuasion
Door-in-the-Face
Involves making a large request that is likely to be turned down in order to increase the chances that people will agree to a smaller request later?
Persuasion
Amway’s example
Door-to-door sales-people give homemakers many bottles of their products for a “free trial.” When they return a few days later, most of the homemaker feel obligated to buy some of the products
The Scarcity Principle
Telling people they cant have something only makes them want it more.