Chapter 9 Flashcards
Obese
A child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 95th percentile (top 5%)
Severely obese
A child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 99th percentile
Overweight
A child whose BMI-for-age is between the 85th and 95th percentiles.
When obese a person is _____
30.0 or higher
Asthma
A chronic lung disease, characterized by sudden, potentially fatal attacks of breathing difficulty
Decentration
Thinking that takes multiple variables into account
Reversibility
The understanding that both physical actions & mental operations can be reversed.
Inductive logic
A type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences
Deductive logic
A type of reasoning, based on hypothetical premises, that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle
Class inclusion
The understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes
Piaget’s 3rd concrete operational stage
3rd stage of his cognitive development, during which children construct schemes that enable them to think logically about objects & events in the real world.
Piaget’s 3rd stage: concrete operation stage, takes its name from a set of immensely powerful schemes Piaget called concrete operations. These operations include?
- Mental processes such as decentration. Its opposite is centration (thinking in terms of single variables).
- Reversibility
- During this stage they develop the ability to use inductive logic
Achievement test
A test designed to assess specific information learned in school
Dyslexia
Problems in reading or the inability to read
Aptitude test
a test designed to determine a person’s ability in a particular skill or field of knowledge.
(ADHD) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
A mental disorder that causes children to have difficulty attending to and completing tasks
True of False: One of the “Big 5 traits” is conscientiousness
True
Self-regulation
Children’s ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direction supervision.
Retaliatory aggression
Aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you
Gender stability
The understanding that gender is a stable, lifelong characteristic
Gender constancy
The understanding that gender is a component of the self that is not altered by external appearance
Gender identity
The ability to correctly label oneself & others as male or female
Emotional regulation
The ability to control emotional states and emotion-related behavior
Traditional post-secondary student
A student who attends college full time immediately after graduating from high school.
Osteoporosis
A loss of bone mass with age, resulting in more brittle and porous bones
Presbyopia
Normal loss of visual acuity with aging, especially the ability to focus the eyes on near objects
Presbycusis
Normal loss of hearing with aging, especially of high-frequency tones
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A set of disease processes in the heart and circulatory system
Climacteric
The term used to describe the adult period during which reproductive capacity declines or is lost
Menopause
The cessation of monthly menstrual cycles in middle-aged women
Both men & women, later in life, enter a period during which reproductive capacity declines or is lost this is known as: climacteric/menopause
Climacteric
Remote relationships
Relationships in which grandparents do not see their grandchildren often
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Self-help tasks such as bathing, dressing, and using the toilet
Dementia
A neurological disorder involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual’s emotional, social, and physical functioning
Alzheimer’s disease
A very severe form of dementia, the cause of which is unknown
Stages of Dying Proposed by Kubler-Ross
1) Denial: People’s first reaction to news of a terminal diagnosis is disbelief
2) Anger: Once the diagnosis is accepted as real, individuals become angry
3) Bargaining: Anger & stress are managed by thinking of the situation in terms of exchanges
4) Depression: Feelings of despair follow when the disease advances despite the individuals compliance with medical and other advice
5) Acceptance: Grieving for the losses associated w/one’s death results in acceptance
The leading cause of field restriction is glaucoma, which is?
A condition in which the pressure inside the eye is increased
Personality may also contribute to heart disease. Type A has a higher likelihood of heart disease, why?
Type A are very competitive striving for achievement, a sense of time urgency, and hostility or aggressiveness.
This type is linked to higher levels of cholesterol, and hence to increased risk of CVD, even among people who did not have observable heart disease.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (6 substages)
Level I: Preconventional
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange
Level II: Conventional
Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
Stage 4: Social System and Conscience (Law and order)
Level III: Postconventional
Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
Clique
Four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another (4-6 people in a group where they get along)
Crowd
A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females
Primary sex characteristics
Genitals, Penis, Vagina, Testis, Uterus
Kin-keeper
A family role, usually occupied by a women, which includes responsibility for maintaining family and friendship relationships
Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of inetelligence
Proposes 3 components of human intelligence:
1) Contextual intelligence: knowing right behavior for specific situation
2) Experiential intelligence: Involves learning to give specific responses w/out thinking about them
3) Componential intelligence: Person’s ability to come up with effective strategies (to Sternberg this is most important)
Gender Role
A set of behaviors that indicates one’s gender, specifically the image projected by a person that identifies their femaleness or maleness; an overt public presentation of gender identity
Erikson’s 4th stage: Industry vs. Inferiority
Approximate age: 6-12
Competence; cultural skills and norms, including school skills and tool use (failure to master these leads to sense of inferiority)
Erikson’s 3rd stage: Initiative vs. Guilt
Approximate age: 3-6
Purpose; ability to organize activities around some goal; more assertiveness and aggressiveness (Oedipus conflict w/parent of same sex may lead to guild)
Erikson’s 5th stage: Identity vs. role confusion
Approximate age: 12-18
Fidelity; adaptation of sense of self to pubertal changes, consideration of future choices, achievement of a more mature sexual identity, and search for new values
Erikson’s 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th stages in order
IIIIGI
3rd: Initiative vs. Guilt
4th: Industry vs. Inferiority
5th: Identity vs. Role Confusion
6th: Intimacy vs. Isolation
7th: Generativity vs. Stagnation
8th: Integrity vs. Despair
Freud’s Psychosexual stages 3 & 4th stages
3rd stage: Phallic
* Age 3-6 years
* focus of libido: genitals
* major developmental task: resolving oedipus/electra complex
* Some characteristics if fixated at this stage: Vanity, recklessness, sexual dysfunction or deviancy
4th stage: Latency
* Age 6-12 years
* focus of libido: None
* major developmental task: Developing defense mechanisms; identifying w/same sex peers
* Some characteristics if fixated at this stage: None
Erikson’s 6th stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Age: 18-30
Love; persons develop intimate relationships beyond adolescent love; many become parents
Erikson’s 7th stage: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Age: 30-late adulthood
Care; people rear children, focus on occupational achievement or creativity, and train the next generation; turn outward from the self towards others
Erikson’s 8th stage: Integrity vs. Despair
Age: Late adulthood
Wisdom; person conducts a life review, integrates earlier stages and come to terms with basic identity; develops self-acceptance
Freud’s 5th Stage Genital
Age: 12 years
Focus on libido: Genitals
Major developmental task: Achieving mature sexual intimacy
Characteristics of those fixated at this stage: Adults who have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge w/sincere interest in others and mature sexuality
Battered women’s psychological state
A pattern of signs and symptoms, such as fear and a perceived inability to escape, appearing in women who are physically and mentally abused over an extended period by a husband or other dominant individual.
Piaget’s 3rd and 4th stages
3rd- Concrete operational
4th- Formal operational
Piaget’s 3rd stage: Concrete operational
Age: 6-12 The child's logic takes a great leap forward with the development of new internal operations, such as conservation and class inclusion, but is still tied to the known world; by the end of the period, he can reason about simple "what if" questions
Piaget’s 4th stage: Formal operational
Age: 12 years
The child begins to manipulate ideas as well as objects; she thinks hypothetically and, by adulthood, can easily manage a variety of “what if” questions; she greatly improves her ability to organize ideas and objects mentally
Phobia
An extreme, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. A phobia is classified as a type of anxiety disorder. Thought to be learned emotional responses.
Need bifocals =
Vision of various distances
