Chapter 9 Flashcards
In a single strand of DNA, the phosphate group binds to the _______ of the next group.
Deoxyribose Sugar
What are the three parts that the nucleotide is made up of?
A phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base
Chargraff’s rule states that DNA of any species contains equal amounts of _____ & _____ and also equal amounts of ______ & ______
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, & Guanine
In a strand of DNA, if the percentage of thymine is 30%, what would the percent of cytosine in the same DNA strand be?
20%
Watson, Crick & Franklin determined that the shape of the DNA molecule was a _____
Double Helix
Define Double Helix.
Two strands twisted around each other like a winding staircase
Define Sex Chromosomes.
The 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, contains genes that will determine the sex of the indv.
What is another name for the carrier of the gene?
Heterozygous
What is Franklin credited for?
The first to show a picture of DNA, & finding the structure.
Where does DNA replication occur?
During the S phase of the cell cycle.
What is the first main step to replication?
Step 1: double helix unwinds ; helicase unzips the DNA strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds down btwn the base pairs & creates 2 new template strands.
What is replication forks?
The areas where the double helix separates.
What is the second step to the replication?
At the replication forks, DNA polymerase inserts new complementary bases (builds P/S backbones)
What is the third step to replication?
The DNA polymerase proofreads the & fixes errors.
Why do purines pair with pyrimidines ?
One has two large rings while the other has only one
What type of bonds connect the deoxyribose sugars to the phosphate groups?
Convalent
What type of bonds connect the bases to each other?
Hydrogen bonds
What enzyme connects the new bases to the old bases in the DNA template?
DNA polymerase
What enzymes connects the new nucleotides together and proofreads them?
DNA polymerase
How many hydrogen bonds do cytosine bind with guanine?
3
How many hydrogen bonds do adenine bind with thymine?
2
5-3 also referred to?
Based pairing
Define Transformation.
A change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
Why Pea Plants?
- their cheaper
- matures quickly
- produces a lot of offspring
- small and grows quickly
- 2 forms
If most of the males in the pedigree are affected the disorder is ______
X-Linked
If the disorder is ______ one of the parents must have the disorder (shaded).
Dominant
If the disorder is _____ neither parent has to have the disorder bc/ they can be carriers.
Recessive
If the child is shaded it’s because the parent is _____
Heterozygous
Adenine and Guanine are?
Purines
Cytosine and Thymine are?
Pyrimidines
What are the backbones of DNA held together by?
Strong Convalent bonds
What did the scientist Avery demonstrate?
that DNA was the transformation agent.
