chapter 9 Flashcards
a motivated chain of interrelated psychological events that cross a set of major mental areas to bring about an outcome, are potentially reversible and modifiable
personality dynamic
a smaller personality dynamic that involves one part of a personality influencing another
micro-dynamics
a class of long-term stable mental patterns related to motives, including such examples as need for achievement, sensation-seeking, and the like
dynamic traits
a dynamic that crosses two or three major functional areas of personality
meso-dynamics
models of the self and world that are especially focused on what causes a particular behavior, event, or situation. some people tend to see the world as caused by themselves, others see it as caused by other people or situations
causal attributions
a larger dynamic that crosses all or almost all the many major functional areas or parts of personality
macro-level dynamics
the conscious psychological awareness of a need
urge
a state of tension within the individual that can be satisfied by a specific goal
need
aspects of the environment that elicit needs in a person
press
a process that is directing or ruling personality at a given point in time
regnant process
a need that would take over the actions of personality-that is become a regnant process- more quickly than other needs; that is, a very important need
prepotent need
basic needs in which may cause the establishment of secondary needs as when a person’s desire to be intimate with another person creates a need to behave well toward the person as a means to impress the individual
determinant needs
a state of needs in which one need serves another, as when a person tries to do well in school (need for achievement) so as to attain the ultimate goal of impressing others (need for esteem)
subsidiary needs
the state of a need or motive which, although originally caused by a biological urge, has taken on an independent life of its own
functionally autonomous
specific activities a person is currently attempting to carry out in order to meet long term plans and goals
personal strivings
a personal striving or plan that meets one set of goals whiles frustrating another set of goals
conflictual striving
a personal striving that involves a goal that is, itself, fraught with problems. for example, striving to be honest. although very desirable, entails many costs
ambivalent striving
a state or condition of several distinct needs that occurs when a person engages in an action or objective that satisfies all the needs simultaneously
need fusion
an effect in which ideas or concepts that match a mood in tone (pleasant thoughts, happy mood) seem more memorable, plausible, reasonable, and/or likely than ideas or concepts that mismatch the individual’s mood
mood-congruent cognition effect
a special case of the mood-congruent cognition effect concerning judgements of plausibility or likelihood. for example, in a happy mood, good weather seem more likely
mood-congruent judgement
basic motives
ergs (ergic)
emotional attachments to ideas or activities
sentiments
a scientific label for the concept that simply thinking of a physical movement brings it about or increases the likelihood of bringing it about
ideomotor action
the belief of a person holds as to how likely it is he or she will or can succeed at gaining a particular, sought-after objective
expectancy of reward
the assessment a person makes of how desirable or pleasurable a particular objective or goal is
reward value
the state of an idea or desire to act, when that desire is blocked from an action. in such a case, the idea may further be considered and elaborated. it may for example be recast as an emotional fantasy
regression of an idea
mistaken behaviors or slips of the tongue that reveal something about a person’s hidden motivations
parapraxes
a part of the brain, located on the surface of the rearmost area of the frontal lobe, that controls the movement of the body, the areas of this surface region are arrayed in sequences that mirror in part the arrangement of the external body
motor homunculus
the capacity of a portion of the brain or mind to control and direct the individual’s external movement, activity, and language
access to motility
fairly precise gestures that have specific meanings in one’s culture, such as shaking the head up and down to mean “yes”
emblems
movements of the hands or other body parts to supplement the meanings of speech, as when a person holds his hand close together to illustrate “small”
illustrators
movement of the body or parts of the body for purposes of going someplace
locomotion
physical movements that a person has performed over and over again until they are so over-learned the individual pays little or no attention to them
automatized actions
the relatively direct and obvious meaning of a communication as opposed to its more hidden or symbolic meanings
manifest content
meanings of a communication that are symbolic, secondary, or conveyed indirectly, but that still can be understood by a careful observer
latent content
a sociological perspective on social behavior which concentrates on how people represent themselves and each other in society
symbolic interactionism
statements people make to request a pardon or otherwise reduce the negativity of something they are about to say that they recognize may not meet the social ideals or expectations of the listener
disclaimers
excuses or rationalizations people give of why they did or did not do something they should have done
accounts
the attempt to make other people look a certain way; for example, drawing attention to qualities that may make them seem more courageous or cowardly than otherwise
altercasting
a quality of the individual to be motivated and calculating so as to intentionally manipulate social situations for gain and power
machiavellian personality
