chapter 8

Question 1

the relatively enduring, distinct major areas of the personality system, and their interrelations and interconnections. These different areas of personality can be distinguished according to their different contents, functions, or other characteristics

Answer 1

personality structure

Question 2

this is a structural conception or theory about traits in which there are said to be big traits or super traits that can be divided into a larger number of lower-level, specific traits

Answer 2

hierarchical structure of traits

Question 3

these are very general, broad, thematic expressions of mental life that are relatively consistent within the individual, and that can be subdivided into more specific traits

Answer 3

big or super traits

Question 4

a specific hierarchical structural model of traits, proposed by Hans Eysenck in which two traits: Extra-introversion and Neuroticism- Stability are divisible into more specific traits. Collectively, the two supertraits and their subdivisions are said to describe much of personality

Answer 4

Big two supertraits

Question 5

a later modification of the Big Two supertrait model by Eysenck in which a third supertrait, Psychotocism-Tender Mindedness, was added

Answer 5

Big three supertraits

Question 6

a hierarchical structural model of traits, developed by a number of researchers, in which five broad traits are used to describe personality. they are: neuroticism-stability, extraversion-intraversion, openness-closedness, agreeableness-disagreeableness, and conscientiousness-carelessness.

Answer 6

big five model

Question 7

the hypothesis that the most important personality traits are those that can be found in the language people use to describe one another

Answer 7

lexical hypothesis

Question 8

a subjective experience of attention and awareness, and the capacity to reflect on that awareness

Answer 8

consciousness

Question 9

all the information in memory that could be consciously retrieved if necessary

Answer 9

declarative memory
preconscious memory (FREUD)

Question 10

a part of the mind that cannot or does not readily enter awareness

Answer 10

unconscious

Question 11

portions of neural activity that take place with no connection to consciousness, such as the firing of individual nerve pathways or elementary processing of psychological info

Answer 11

No-access unconscious

unconscious proper

Question 12

a type of mental bias or process that

Answer 12

implicit unconscious

Question 13

an effect i which familiarity with a name leads a person to falsely believe the name is of a famous person

Answer 13

false fame effect

Question 14

a type of mental process that consists of influences that could be known if the person paid attention or if the person taught about the influence, but that goes unnoticed for many or most people

Answer 14

unnoticed unconscious

Question 15

material that is made unconscious, through the redirection of attention, because the material is too painful or unpleasant to think about or feel

Answer 15

dynamic unconscious

Question 16

mental processes that divert attention from painful or unpleasant things to think about, help keep material dynamically unconscious

Answer 16

defense mechanism

Question 17

divisions of personality based on the idea that different parts of the system carry out different forms of work (meeting needs vs, solving problems)

Answer 17

functional models

Question 18

this structural model of personality divides the systems into three different functional areas: conation (motivation), affect (mood), and cognition (thought)

Answer 18

trilogy of mind

Question 19

divides the mind into separate intellectual functions called faculties, which include such broad areas as motivation, emotion, and cognition. each functional area is in turn divided into more specific functions

Answer 19

faculty psychology

Question 20

an expanded version of the trilogy of mid that adds consciousness to it

Answer 20

quaternity of mind

Question 21

a structural model of the human brain that divides its physical areas according to whether the structures resemble those found in reptiles, or whether the structures evolved at a later time and resemble those of early mammals or of more recently evolved mammals

Answer 21

triune brain

Question 22

the oldest part of the brain and the part of the “triune brain” structural model that includes such early-evolved, inner structures of the brain as the brain stem, pons, cerebellum, and portions of the thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 22

reptilian brain

Question 23

a newer-evolved portion of the brain, shared in common among many mammals, that includes limbic system structures

Answer 23

paleo/old mammalian brain

Question 24

a group of brain structures including the hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus, that together regulate motives, emotions, memory, and physiological processes

Answer 24

limbic system

Question 25

the newest-evolved portion of the brain, shared in common among primates and including the thick outer layer of the cerebral cortex

Answer 25

neo/new mammalian brain

Question 26

the outer surface of the brain including massive inter-associations among neurons; most responsible for higher mental processes and reasoning

Answer 26

cerebral cortex

Question 27

a band of areas in the cerebral cortex, where each area corresponds to a part of the body, in order, such as toes, foot, lower leg, and so forth

Answer 27

body homunculus

Question 28

a structural model of personality that emphasizes four functional areas: the energy lattice (motivation and emotion), the knowledge works (mental models and intelligence), the social actor (procedural knowledge for behavior), and the executive consciousness (self-awareness and control)

Answer 28

systems set

Question 29

models that illustrate the relationship between personality and its surrounding environment

Answer 29

connective structural models

Question 30

a structural division of personality proposed by walter mischel and his colleagues which divides personality into cognitive structures such as expectancies and beliefs, and into affects

Answer 30

cognitive-affect personality system (CAPS)

Question 31

the systems including biological underpinnings, social settings, interactive situations, and group memberships, which surround the individual and in which the individual operates

Answer 31

life space

Question 32

broadly speaking, the influence of one part of a personality on another

Answer 32

personality dynamics