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Psych test 3 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering and communicating

A

Cognition

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2
Q

keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

A

Metacognition

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3
Q

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

A

Concept

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4
Q

Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

A

Prototype

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5
Q

A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

A

Algorithm

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6
Q

simple, thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems, efficiently. more error, prone than an algorithm

A

Heuristic

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7
Q

sudden realization of a problem solution

A

Insight

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8
Q

when people only pay attention to information that supports what they already believe and ignore anything that changes it

A

Confirmation bias

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9
Q

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem-solving

A

Fixation

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10
Q

Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way

A

Mental set

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11
Q

Assuming unnecessary limitations in a task

A

Impose constraints

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12
Q

effortless immediate autonomic, feeling or thought

A

Intuition

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13
Q

Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant information.

A

Representativeness heuristic

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14
Q

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

A

Availability heuristic

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15
Q

The tendency to be more confident than correct

A

Overconfidence

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16
Q

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed, has been discredited

A

Belief perseverance

17
Q

The way an issue is post; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

A

Framing

18
Q

Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

A

Nudge

19
Q

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

A

Creativity

20
Q

Narrowing the available problem solution solutions to determine the single best solution

A

Convergent thinking

21
Q

expanding the number of possible problems solutions; creative, thinking that diverges in different directions

A

Divergent thinking

22
Q

In language, the smallest distinct sound unit

A

Phoneme

23
Q

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

A

Morpheme

24
Q

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other

A

Grammar

25
Q

The meaning derives from words and sounds

A

Semantics

26
Q

The order of words to form sentences

A

Syntax

27
Q

using language from one domain to describe another non-literally

A

Metaphor

28
Q

The ability to produce language starting around 10 months

A

Productive language

29
Q

The ability to understand language starting at around four months

A

Receptive language

30
Q

stage in speech that begins around four months (utters sounds not language)

A

Babbling stage

31
Q

Stage in speech development from about age one to two (child speaks mostly in single words)

A

One word stage

32
Q

Stage beginning around two years old (child speaks mostly two words sentences)

A

Two words stage

33
Q

early speech stage in which child speaks like a telegram using mostly now and and verbs (“go car”)

A

Telegraphic speech

34
Q

impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Brocas area or Wernicke’s area

A

Aphasia

35
Q

in the frontal lobe of the brain that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech

A

Broca’s area

36
Q

in the left temporal lobe of the brain involved in language, comprehension, and expression

A

Wernicke’s area

37
Q

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

A

Linguistic determination

38
Q

The idea that language influences the way we think

A

Linguistic relativism

Psych test 3 (3 decks)

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