chapter 9 Flashcards
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering and communicating
Cognition
keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes
Metacognition
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Concept
Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Prototype
A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Algorithm
simple, thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems, efficiently. more error, prone than an algorithm
Heuristic
sudden realization of a problem solution
Insight
when people only pay attention to information that supports what they already believe and ignore anything that changes it
Confirmation bias
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem-solving
Fixation
Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
Mental set
Assuming unnecessary limitations in a task
Impose constraints
effortless immediate autonomic, feeling or thought
Intuition
Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant information.
Representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Availability heuristic
The tendency to be more confident than correct
Overconfidence
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed, has been discredited
Belief perseverance
The way an issue is post; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Framing
Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions
Nudge
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas
Creativity
Narrowing the available problem solution solutions to determine the single best solution
Convergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problems solutions; creative, thinking that diverges in different directions
Divergent thinking
In language, the smallest distinct sound unit
Phoneme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
Morpheme
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other
Grammar
The meaning derives from words and sounds
Semantics
The order of words to form sentences
Syntax
using language from one domain to describe another non-literally
Metaphor
The ability to produce language starting around 10 months
Productive language
The ability to understand language starting at around four months
Receptive language
stage in speech that begins around four months (utters sounds not language)
Babbling stage
Stage in speech development from about age one to two (child speaks mostly in single words)
One word stage
Stage beginning around two years old (child speaks mostly two words sentences)
Two words stage
early speech stage in which child speaks like a telegram using mostly now and and verbs (“go car”)
Telegraphic speech
impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Brocas area or Wernicke’s area
Aphasia
in the frontal lobe of the brain that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech
Broca’s area
in the left temporal lobe of the brain involved in language, comprehension, and expression
Wernicke’s area
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Linguistic determination
The idea that language influences the way we think
Linguistic relativism
