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NDFS 100 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

minerals

1
Q

major mineral macrominerals

A

-calcium
-chloride
-magnesium
-phosphorus
-potassium
-sodium
-sulfur

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2
Q

trace elements/microminerals

A

-iron
-zinc
-selenium
-iodine
-fluoride
-chromium
-copper
-maganese
-molybdenum
-vanadium
-nickel
-boron
-silicon

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3
Q

fluid and electrolyte balance

A

sodium
potassium
chloride
phosphorus
water

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4
Q

cell metabolism

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
zinc
chromium
iodine
water

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5
Q

bone health

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
iron
zinc
copper
fluoride
maganese

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6
Q

growth and development

A

calcium
phosphorus
zinc

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7
Q

blood health

A

iron
copper
calcium
zinc

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8
Q

nerve impulses

A

sodium
potassium
chloride
calcium

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9
Q

muscle contraction and relaxation

A

sodium
chloride
potassium
calcium
magnesium

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10
Q

body defense

A

magnesium
iron
selenium
zinc
copper
maganese

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11
Q

what are the 4 electrolytes?

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus

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12
Q

extracellular space electrolytes

A

sodium, chloride

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13
Q

intracellular space electrolytes

A

potassium and phosphorus

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14
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell

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15
Q

hypotonic solution

A

concentration solute greater inside than inside cell

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16
Q

hypertonic solution

A

concentration solute greater outside the cell

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17
Q

Sodium

A

-electrolyte outside cell
-acid-base balance
-muscle concentration
-aids in absorption of nutrients
-maintenance of optimal calcium status
-95% of adults consume above CDRR

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18
Q

sodium (top sources)

A

sandwiches, eggs, rice/grains, meats
-77% added to foods
-12% present in foods naturally
-6% added to food at the table
-5% added when cooking

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19
Q

potassium

A

-electrolyte mainly inside cell
-muscle contraction
-maintains blood pressure levels
-principle positively charged ion within cells to balance positively charged sodium loss from cells

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20
Q

potassium food groups

A

fruits and veg are high in potassium and low in sodium
try and increase potassium intake and limit sodium intake

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21
Q

patassium inadequecy

A

low blood potassium: loss of apetite, muscle cramps, confusion, irregular heart beat, cardiac arrest, and death
oral potassium: vomiting, diarrhea, alcohol abuse, prolonged exercise, potassium-wasting durietics increase risk hypokalemia

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22
Q

Calcium

A

-most abundant mineral in the body
-major function of calcium: 99% structural (bones, teeth)
-other 1% in fluids: muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood pressure, blood clotting

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23
Q

elevated blood calcium

A

-thyroid gland releases calcitonin
-stimulates Ca^2+ deposition in in bones and stimulates reduxes Ca^2+ uptake in kidneys
-blood calcium then is normal

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24
Q

low blood calcium

A

-parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D released from glands
-decreases loss of Ca^2+ in kidneys and stimulates Ca^2+ release in bones
-Vitamin D from kidneys
-increases absorption of Ca^2+ from intestines

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25
Q

risk factors for osteoperosis

A

-age
-gender
-small build
-ethnicity
-genetics
-age of menarche
-never giving birth
-calcium and vitamin D intake
-low peak bone mass
-physical inactivity
-low body weight
-smoking
-alcohol
-estrogen depleation
-anorexia

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26
Q

what helps decrease osteoperosis

A

vitamin D intake
lifelong calcium intake
healthy body intake
protein intake
overall balanced diet

27
Q

calcium food sources

A

cheese
milk
pinto beans
broccoli
spinach
fortified juice and soy milk

28
Q

calcium main functions

A

bone growth and maitenance, repair, msucle and nerve function, regulated metabolism, cell membrane integrity, cellular differentiation, glucose concentration, blood pressure
RDA 1000 mg
UL 2500 mg

inadequate calcium leads to mineralization of bones-> osteoperosis

29
Q

Magnesiium

A

60% found in bones
enzyme activation
protein and DNA synthesis
Vitamin D synthesis
heart function
relax muslces
bone rigidity
prevents tooth decay

30
Q

Magnesium food sources

A

green veg, nuts, seeds, beans, whole grains, dark chocolate
RDA: 400-420 mg Men, 310-320 mg women
DV 420 mg
UL: 350 mg

31
Q

iron

A

every living cell has iron
two proteins: hemoglobin and myoglobin
roles: carry oxygen, make new cells, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters

32
Q

which protein stores iron

A

ferritin

33
Q

which protein transports iron

A

transferrin

34
Q

heme iron:

A

iron absorption: 15-35%
only animal products contain
accoutns for 10% daily iron intake

35
Q

non-heme iron

A

2-20% absorption
all plant irons are non-heme

36
Q

what does iron absorption depend on?

A

deficiency-> increased absorption
heme is better absorbed
more acid in GI tract-> increase absor

37
Q

non-heme enhancers

A

vitamin C (add marinara to noodles)
add MPF (meat, fish, poultry) (add tuna to crackers)

37
Q

non-heme inhibitors

A

tannins (found in tea)(not apply to herbal tea) (do not drink tea w/ meal)
oxalates (spinach, rhubarb, chard)
phytates (whole grains, bran, soy)
megadoses of calcium

38
Q

causes of iron deficiency

A

inadequate dietary intake
poor iron absorption
increased iron requirements
blood loss
kidney disease

39
Q

internal sources of iron

A

ferritin (stored iron)
circulating iron (transferrin)
bone marrow iron
RBC iron

40
Q

stage 1 iron depletion

A

no symptoms

41
Q

stage 2 iron deficiency

A

mild anemia, weakness

42
Q

stage 3 iron-deficiency anemia

A

fatigue, difficulty concentrating, pica, pale eyes and nails, spoon shaped nails, cold

43
Q

what are the consequences of taking iron supplements above UL

A

stomach irritation

44
Q

what does zinc regulate the gene expression for?

A

antioxidant defense,
immune system
growth (DNA synthesis)
taste and smell
would healing
reproductive organ function
enzyme activation

45
Q

sources of zinc

A

animal-based
meats, fish

46
Q

zinc deficiency

A

poor growth
poor immunity
delayed maturation

47
Q

selenium

A

part of an antioxidant enzyme system : converts damaging peroxides into water
cell membraine
DNA synthesis

48
Q

selenium deficieny

A

muslce disorders, weakness, impaired thyroid function,

49
Q

selenium toxicity

A

supplements

50
Q

sources

A

soil
meat
shell fish
RDA and DV: 55 mcg
UL: 400 mcg

51
Q

Iodine functions

A

aids in synthesis of thyroid hormone
synthesis of amino acid tyrosine
skeletal, nervous system development fetus
immune function
thyroxine (iodine)

52
Q

iodine deficiency

A

goiter (enlarged throat) (enlarged thyroid gland)
Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

53
Q

food sources iodine

A

iodized salt
iodine-rich soil
seafood
fast food, baked foods
milk
RDA: 150 mcg
UL: 1100 mcg
1/2 teaspoon contains over rda

54
Q

flouride role in body

A

fluorapatite- crystalization of bone and teeth

55
Q

flouride defeciency

A

dental carries

56
Q

flouride sources

A

drinking water
ground water
dental products

57
Q

normal blood pressure

A

Systolic mm Hg:<120
Diastolic mm Hg:<80

58
Q

high blood pressure (hypertension 1)

A

Systolic mm Hg:130-139
Diastolic mm Hg:80-89

58
Q

elevated blood pressure

A

Systolic mm Hg:120-129
Diastolic mm Hg:<80

59
Q

high blood pressure (hypertension II)

A

Systolic mm Hg:above 140
Diastolic mm Hg:above 90

60
Q

hypertensive crisis (consult doctor immediately)

A

Systolic mm Hg:above 180
Diastolic mm Hg:above 120

61
Q

DASH diet

A

dietary approaches to stop hypertension

reduce sodium
increase potassium, calcium, magnesium

weight loss is most eefective 2 lower blood pressure

NDFS 100 (5 decks)

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