chapter 9

Question 1

sociodramatic play

Answer 1

story plots and role relationships while playing

Question 2

egocentrism

Answer 2

failure to distinguish others’ symbolic viewpoints from one’s own, demonstrated by Piaget’s three-mountains problem

Question 3

animistic thinking

Answer 3

belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, magical thinking assigning human purposes to physical events

Question 4

conservation

Answer 4

certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes

Question 5

episodic memory

Answer 5

memory of everyday experiences

Question 6

scripts

Answer 6

memory of familiar, repeated events

Question 7

metacognition

Answer 7

coherent set of ideas about mental
activities, or thinking about thoughts

Question 8

What 2 advances occur in mental representation in the preoperational stage of development?

Answer 8

development of make-believe play and gains in understanding of symbol & real-world relations

Question 9

With growing symbolic mastery what three changes occur within make-believe play?

Answer 9

-detaches from real life conditions associated with it

-becomes less self-centered

-includes more complex combinations of schemes

Question 10

What are the benefits of make-believe play?

Answer 10

-leads to gains in social competence

-strengthens cognitive capacities

-imaginary companions

Question 11

How can adults enhance make-believe play in early childhood?

Answer 11

-provide sufficient space and play materials

-encourage play without controlling it

-offer realistic materials and materials without a clear function

-ensure children have real-world experiences to inspire positive fantasy play

-help children solve social conflicts constructively

Question 12

What educational principles derived from Piaget?

Answer 12

-sensitivity to children’s thinking

-discovery learning

-acceptance of individual differences

Question 13

What is private speech and why is it important?

Answer 13

-private speech: self-directed speech

-important because it’s the foundation for higher cognitive processes, used for self-guidance

Question 14

What are the major differences in Western and Village cultures concerning children observing and participating in adult work?

Answer 14

western: school prepares children for work, parents focus on preparing children for school success, emphasis on child-focused activities

village/tribal: little formal schooling, learn from observing adults, children assume adult responsibilities early, make more decisions for themselves, make-believe play and scaffolding is limited

Question 15

Be able to describe the changes in executive functioning and memory during early childhood from the information processing model

Answer 15

-attention improves gains in working memory which means more complex play and problem-solving goals, can inhibit impulses, adult scaffolding helps with language and executive function

-recognition and recall

-better planning

Question 16

recognition

Answer 16

ability to tell whether stimulus is the same as or similar to one they have seen before

Question 17

recall

Answer 17

generating a mental image of an absent stimulus

Question 18

What is overlapping-waves theory and how does it impact children’s problem solving?

Answer 18

-try a variety of strategies to solve challenging problems

-observe which strategies work best, which work less well, and
which are ineffective

-gradually select strategies on the basis of accuracy and
speed

Question 19

What is the young child’s theory of mind?

Answer 19

coherent set of ideas about mental
activities, or thinking about thoughts

Question 20

What differences might you see in an Autistic child in their early development?

Answer 20

-limited ability to engage in nonverbal social behaviors

-delayed, stereotyped language

-much less make-believe play than other children

-narrow, intense interests