chapter 6

Question 1

schemes

Answer 1

organized ways of making sense of experiences. how you see and make sense of the world

Question 2

equilibrium

Answer 2

when the child is not changing much (more assimilation than accommodation)

Question 3

disequilibrium

Answer 3

rapid cognitive change, cognitive discomfort (shift from assimilation to accommodation)

Question 4

object permanence

Answer 4

objects continue to exist when they are out of sight

Question 5

zone of proximal development

Answer 5

range of tasks the child cannot do alone but can do with help of a more skilled partner

Question 6

scaffolding

Answer 6

guidance and support while adjusting the level of support offered to fit the child’s current performance

Question 7

underextension

Answer 7

applying words too narrowly (bear)

Question 8

overextension

Answer 8

applying words too broadly (car, open)

Question 9

According to the short video clip we watched in class what 2 things can/should adults do to support children’s play?

Answer 9

-give background knowledge

-give guidance (help kids interact and share ideas)

Question 10

assimilation

Answer 10

using current schemes to interpret external world (dropping scheme)

Question 11

accommodation

Answer 11

creating new schemes and adjusting old ones to better fit the environment

Question 12

sensorimotor substage 1

Answer 12

-reflexive schemes (birth-1 month)

-newborn reflexes

Question 13

sensorimotor substage 2

Answer 13

-primary circular reaction (1-4 months)

-simple motor habits centered around infant’s own body (sucking on thumb), limited anticipation of events

Question 14

sensorimotor substage 3

Answer 14

-secondary circular reaction (4-8 months)

-aimed at repeating interesting events in the surrounding world (accidentally knocking down a toy making it move and trying to repeat the effect), imitation of familiar behaviors

Question 15

sensorimotor substage 4

Answer 15

-coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months)

-intentional or goal-directed behavior-coordinating schemes deliberately to solve simple patterns

-beginning mastery of object permanence

-A-not-B search error (searching for object in same place even after they saw it move)

Question 16

sensorimotor substage 5

Answer 16

-tertiary circular reaction (12-18 months)

-repeating behaviors with variation (throwing objects down the stairs)

-accurate A-B search

-ability to imitate many more behaviors (stacking blocks, scribbling on paper, making funny faces)

Question 17

sensorimotor substage 6

Answer 17

-mental representation (18-24 months)

-internal depictions of objects and events, as indicated by sudden solutions to problems

-invisible placement: find hidden object that’s hidden out of sight

-deferred imitation: requires representation of a model’s past behavior, used by toddlers to enrich range of schemes

-make-believe play

Question 18

What are the four parts of the human information-processing system and what purpose does each serve?

Answer 18

-central executive: conscious part of mind, coordinates incoming info with info in the system, controls attention, select apply and monitor strategies

-sensory register: represents sights and sounds directly and stores them briefly

-short-term memory store: holds limited amount of info that’s worked on to facilitate memory and problem solving

-long-term memory store: stores info permanently

Question 19

What is joint attention and why is it important in development at this stage of development?

Answer 19

-joint attention: child attends to same object or event as caregiver (appears 3-4 months, more accurate 10-11 months)

-important when getting ready to talk

Question 20

What are the 3 possible explanations of Infantile Amnesia?

Answer 20

-brain development (role of hippocampus)

-nonverbal nature of memory processing in infants and toddlers

-lack of clear self-image

Question 21

What are the early perceptual categories?

Answer 21

color, shape, size, texture

Question 22

What is the main difference in Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory from Piaget’s?

Answer 22

vygotsky:
-social contexts contribute to cognitive development

-complex activities have origin in social interaction

-zone of proximal development, scaffolding

piaget:
-thought babies constructed all mental representations from sensorimotor activities

Question 23

What are some signs of a developmentally appropriate child-care center?

Answer 23

-age appropriate toys

-warm relationships and interactions

-1:3 ratio for infants, 1:6 for toddlers

-schedule includes active play, quiet play, naps, snacks, meals