Chapter 9

Question 1

What are the 2 types of abstraction?

Answer 1

Process abstraction
Data abstraction

Question 2

What are the fundamentals of subprograms?

Answer 2

Single point of entry
If subprogram is called, calling program is suspended
After execution control is returned to the caller

Question 3

Basic definition for subprograms

Answer 3

Defines interface and action
Interface specifies how the subprogram is used + name + parameters +…
Actions: Specify hat it does (body)

Question 4

What is a subprogram header?

Answer 4

The 1st part of the subprogram definition.
Name kind parameters

Question 5

What is the difference between formal parameters and actual parameters?

Answer 5

Formal: Dummy variable in header. Used in subprogram
Actual: Values being passed in

Question 6

What is a parameter profile(signature)?

Answer 6

Number, order and types of parameters

Question 7

What is a protocol?

Answer 7

Parameter profile with function return types

Question 8

What is a subprogram declaration?

Answer 8

Provides subprogram protocol, but not its body (prototype (void doSomething(int);)

Question 9

What is the Parameter correspondence?

Answer 9

for a subprogram call we must match actual parameters to formal parameters.

Question 10

What is the advantage of Positional parameters?

Answer 10

1st parameter = 1st parameter etc…
It is safe and effective

Question 11

What is the disadvantage of Positional parameters?

Answer 11

reduced readability + error prone

Question 12

What is the advantage + disadv of Keyword parameters?

Answer 12

Adv: Avoid corespondence errors. can appear in any order (improved readability)
Dis: Memorize param names

Question 13

Can formal parameters have default values?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

How are variable number of parameters processed?

Answer 14

Like a list

Question 15

What are the 2 categories of subprograms?

Answer 15

Procedures (collections of statements that define parameterized computations)
Functions (resemble procedures but semantically modeled on mathematical functions)

Question 16

How does Procedures and functions differ?

Answer 16

Procedures: produce result by modifying
Functions: produce results by returning a value

Question 17

What is the adv and disadv of stack-dynamic variables?

Answer 17

adv: recursion + shared among subprograms
dis: time for allocation, initialization

Question 18

What is the advantage of static local variables?

Answer 18

Opposite of stack-dynamic local variables

Question 19

What are the 3 modes for parameters?

Answer 19

In mode formal parameter: received data from an actual parameter
Out mode: Sends data to an actual parameter
Inout mode: Both

Question 20

What are the 2 ways data transfer can take place?

Answer 20

Physical copy of a value
Transmit access path to value

Question 21

What are the 5 implementation models for parameter passing?

Answer 21

pass-by-value
pass by result
pass by value result
pass by reference
pass by name

Question 22

What mode is pass by value?

Answer 22

In mode

Question 23

How does pass by value work?

Answer 23

The value of the actual parameter is used in formal parameter
Normally implemented by copying
can be done by transmitting an access path

Question 24

What mode is pass by result and how does it work?

Answer 24

Out mode
Value of formal parameter is used to change corresponding actual parameter

Question 25

What mode is pass by value result and how does it work

Answer 25

inout mode
Formal params have local storage

Question 26

How does pass by reference work and what mode is it?

Answer 26

Passes an access path (implemented using a reference or pointer) Inout Mode

Question 27

What mode is pass by name and how does it work?

Answer 27

Uses textual substitution
All formal parameter occurrences are replaced by the appropriate actual parameter

Question 28

What is parameter type checking?

Answer 28

Testing if the actual & formal parameter types match
(important for reliability)

Question 29

What must happen if multidimensional arrays are passe as parameters?

Answer 29

Compiler must map array subscript references to values
Mapping function must know size of all dimensions

Question 30

What are some design considerations for parameter passing?

Answer 30

Efficiency
1 way or 2 way data transfer

Question 31

How are c# method pointers declared?

Answer 31

deleates key word

Question 32

What are the 3 binding options?

Answer 32

Shallow binding (“Normal”)
Deep binding ( static scope)
Ad-hoc binding

Question 33

What is a overloaded subprogram?

Answer 33

Same as overloaded function

Question 34

What are the 2 types of subprograms?

Answer 34

Generic (template)
Polymorphic
(Take different parameter types in different calls)

Question 35

What is ad hoc polymorphism?

Answer 35

Overloaded subprograms

Question 36

When are subprogram versions created?

Answer 36

At compile time

Question 37

How is a wildcard represented and what does it mean in C++?

Answer 37

? it means any object

Question 38

How are side effects reduced?

Answer 38

Parameters should ideally be in mode.

Question 39

What is a closure?

Answer 39

An Anonymous function (function without name)

Question 40

What is a coroutine?

Answer 40

A subprogram with multiple entry points.

Question 41

What is a symmetric control

Answer 41

When the caller and called coroutines exist on a more equal basis.

Question 42

What is a coroutine call named?

Answer 42

A resume

Question 43

What is quasi-concurrent execution?

Answer 43

When a coroutine interleaves their execution but it doesnt overlap