Chapter 9

Question 1

Agriculture

Answer 1

Deliberate modification of earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

Question 2

Crop

Answer 2

Any plant cultivated by people.

Question 3

Agricultural revolution

Answer 3

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

Question 4

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 4

The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family ( developing countries )

Question 5

Commercial agriculture

Answer 5

The production of food primarily for off the farm ( developed countries )

Question 6

Cereal grain

Answer 6

A grass that yields grain or food

Question 7

Grain

Answer 7

The seed from a cereal grass

Question 8

Food security

Answer 8

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Question 9

Dietary energy consumption

Answer 9

The amount of food an individual consumes

Question 10

Pastoral nomadism

Answer 10

A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible.

Question 11

Transhumance

Answer 11

A seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and low land pasture areas

Question 12

Slash and burn agriculture

Answer 12

A way of shifting cultivation through slashing vegetation and burning debris

Question 13

Double cropping

Answer 13

When two harvests are obtained from one field per year

Question 14

Wet rice

Answer 14

Rice planted in a dry land nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

Question 15

Crop rotation

Answer 15

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

Question 16

Aquaculture

Answer 16

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Question 17

Overfishing

Answer 17

The capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce

Question 18

Agribusiness

Answer 18

A system of commercial farming found in developed countries

Question 19

Horticulture

Answer 19

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Question 20

Truck farming

Answer 20

When regions have long growing seasons and humid climates and are accessible to the large # of consumers in the Northeast U.S.

Question 21

Mixed crop and livestock farming

Answer 21

The integration of crops and livestock

Question 22

Dairy farm

Answer 22

Specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products

Question 23

Milk shed

Answer 23

The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

Question 24

Desertification

Answer 24

When human actions are causing land to deteriorate to a desert like condition

Question 25

Green revolution

Answer 25

The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agriculture techniques during the 1970s and 1980s

Question 26

No tillage

Answer 26

Leaves all soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest is left untouched on the fields

Question 27

Ridge tillage

Answer 27

A system of planting crops on ridge tops

Question 28

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 28

A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through use of modern biotechnology.

Question 29

Undernourishment

Answer 29

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

Question 30

Agricultural revolution of southwest Asia

Answer 30

Barely, wheat, lentil, and olive were the first crops
Cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep were domesticated
Cultivation diffused West to Europe and East to central Asia through this hearth.

Question 31

Agricultural revolution of East Asia

Answer 31

Crops: Rice (Yangtze River) and Millet (Yellow River)

Question 32

Agricultural revolution of Central and South Asia

Answer 32

Animals: Chickens diffused from South Asia, and the horse was domesticated in Central Asia and diffused with the Indo-European language.

Question 33

Agricultural revolution of Sub-Saharan Africa

Answer 33

Crops: Sorghum and yams were domesticated in Central Africa, and diffused further south from there.

Question 34

Agricultural revolution of Latin America

Answer 34

Crops: Beans and cotton were domesticated in Mexico, and potatoes were domesticated in Peru. Cultivation diffused into North America and tropical South America.

Question 35

What has caused a variety in the production of food?

Answer 35

Agriculture originating in multiple regions.

Question 36

Push and pull factors responsible for the decline of farming in the US

Answer 36

Push: lack of opportunity to earn a decent income
Pull: higher paying jobs in urban areas

Question 37

Why are farmers in developed countries able to produce more than farmers in developing countries?

Answer 37

Because developed countries rely on machinery to perform work rather than people or animals.

Question 38

Types of technology used by farmers in developed countries

Answer 38

Tractors, combines, corn pickers, planters, and more.

Question 39

What is causing the US to lose farmland?

Answer 39

The expansion of urban areas.

Question 40

Differences between developed and developing countries’ protein consumption

Answer 40

Developed: meat products- beef, pork, and poultry, 1/3 meat
Developing: cereal grains, 1/10 meat

Question 41

Where do contemporary hunting and gathering societies live?

Answer 41

They live on the periphery of world settlement.

Question 42

Where is shifting cultivation practiced?

Answer 42

In much of the world’s tropical climate regions.