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CNA > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

The Healthy Human Body

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

Physical and chemical processes

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3
Q

Signs and Symptoms

A

Changes in metabolic processes

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4
Q

Organs

A

Made up of tissues. An organ has a specific function

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5
Q

Tissues

A

Made of groups of cells that perform a similar task; make up organs. Made up of cells

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6
Q

Cells

A

“Building blocks” of the body. Divide, grow, and die to renew tissues and organs

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7
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Front side of the body/body part

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8
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Back side of the body/body part

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9
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

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10
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head; toward the feet

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11
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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12
Q

Lateral

A

To the side, away from the midline of the body

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13
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the torso

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14
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the torso

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15
Q

Integumentary System

A

Includes skin, hair, nails, and associated glands

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16
Q

Integument

A

Natural protective covering (e.g., skin)

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17
Q

Glands

A

Secrete hormones

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18
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances created by the body that control numerous substances

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19
Q

Dilate

A

Widen; blood vessels dilate when it is too hot

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20
Q

Constrict

A

Narrow; blood vessels constrict when it is too cold (helps to retain heat)

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21
Q

The dermis contains:

A

Capillaries, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair roots.

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22
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin that contains both living and dead cells as well as pigment cells; thinner than the dermis.

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23
Q

Sweat contains:

A

Water, salt, and a small amount of wastes

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24
Q

What is the purpose of hair?

A

To protect from heat and cold and prevent particles and bacteria from trying to enter the body via the ears and nose

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25
Q

What are some normal signs of aging?

A

Thinning skin, wrinkles, brown spots, thinning of fatty tissue, thinning or graying hair, less elastic skin, drier skin

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26
Q

What are NOT normal signs of aging (signs and symptoms to report)?

A

Bruises, cuts or wounds, rashes or flaking of the skin, color changes in skin, swelling, “orange-peel” look of skin

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27
Q

Bones

A

Make of the framework of the body; part of the musculoskeletal system. They protect internal organs (e.g., the brain) and are made up of living cells. We have 206 of them.

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28
Q

What gives the body shape and structure as well as allow it to move?

A

Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage; the musculoskeletal system

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29
Q

How many bones do we have?

A

206

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30
Q

Two bones meet at a _____.

A

Joint

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31
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Elbow; movement in one direction only

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32
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Round end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another; allows movement in all directions

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33
Q

Muscles

A

Provide movement to body parts to maintain posture and produce heat

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34
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Voluntary; can be consciously controlled (e.g., leg or arm muscles)

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35
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

Involuntary; cannot be consciously controlled (e.g., stomach or heart)

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36
Q

Muscle Atrophy

A

Occurs when a muscle wastes away, decreases in size, and becomes weak

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37
Q

Contracture

A

Muscle shortens, becomes inflexible, and “freezes” in position; can cause permanent disability.

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38
Q

ROM exercises can prevent what?

A

Contractures, atrophy, and decreased physical and mental health

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39
Q

Normal signs of aging include:

A

Muscles weakness, loss of muscle tone, slower body movement, loss of bone density (more brittle), joints may stiffen, painful joints, and height is gradually lost

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40
Q

Signs and symptoms that can occur with aging and should be reported:

A

Changes in ability to do ROM exercises and routine movements and activities, pain during movement, aches and pains reported to you, bruising, white, shiny, red, or warm areas over a joint, and any new or increased swelling of joints.

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41
Q

Nervous System

A

Control and message center of the body.

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42
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord and cushions them against injuries

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43
Q

What are the 3 main sections of the brain?

A

The cerebellum, cerebrum, and the brainstem

44
Q

What functions does that cerebral cortex deal with?

A

Thinking, judgement, emotions, memory, speech, interprets senses, voluntary muscle movement control

45
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Controls balance, regulates voluntary muscles

46
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

Controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, closing/opening blood vessels

47
Q

Sclera

A

White part of the eye

48
Q

Cornea

A

Part of the eye over the iris

49
Q

Pupil

A

Part of the eye that dilates or constricts to allow different light levels in

50
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear?

A

Outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.

51
Q

Auricle/Pinna

A

Visible part of the ear; outer ear

52
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Connects the middle ear to the throat

53
Q

Ossicles

A

Transmit sound to the inner ear

54
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outside layer of the cerebrum

55
Q

What are our 5 sense organs?

A

Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

56
Q

What happens if waste products are not removed from the body?

A

Organs become diseased

57
Q

Iron

A

Gives blood its red color; allows bodies to produce new red blood cells

58
Q

Bone marrow produces _________

A

Red blood cells

59
Q

What produces white blood cells?

A

Bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland

60
Q

Platelets

A

Produced by bone marrow; cause the blood to clot to prevent excess bleeding

61
Q

Atrium

A

The two upper chambers of the heart

62
Q

Ventricles

A

The two lower chambers of the heart

63
Q

Systole

A

When the ventricles pump blood through blood vessels

64
Q

Diastole

A

When the chambers of the heart fill with blood

65
Q

Arteries

A

Bring blood away from the heart

66
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange nutrients and gases with the cells

67
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to the heart

68
Q

Respiration

A

Body taking in oxygen, removing carbon dioxide

69
Q

Inspiration

A

Breathing in

70
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing out

71
Q

The larynx is also called the _____ ___.

A

Voice box

72
Q

Alveoli

A

Oxygen and CO2 exchanged between these and the capillaries

73
Q

Sputum

A

Fluid a person coughs up from the lungs

74
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra

75
Q

What happens when blood flows through the kidneys?

A

Waste products and excess water are filtered out to create urine

76
Q

Meatus

A

Where urine passes out of the body; for women, just in front of the opening of the vagina, and for men, at the end of the penis

77
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

Inability to control the bladder

78
Q

Digestion

A

Process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells

79
Q

Elimination

A

Process of expelling solid wastes made up of waste products of food that could not be absorbed into the cells

80
Q

Saliva

A

Moistens food and begins chemical digestion

81
Q

Pharynx

A

Muscular structure at the back of the throat; connects mouth to esophagus

82
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary contractions in the digestive tract that push food onward

83
Q

Chyme

A

Semi-liquid substance in the stomach that results from food being broken down chemically and physically

84
Q

Bile

A

Green liquid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; helps break down dietary fat in the small intestine

85
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

“Master” gland; controls other glands and causes them to secrete hormones

86
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Controls the balance of fluids in the body

87
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes the uterus to contract during birth

88
Q

The endocrine system is made up of ______.

A

Glands (which secrete hormones)

89
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

In front of the larynx; produces thyroid hormone to regulate metabolism

90
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

Regulates body’s use of calcium

91
Q

Pancreas (Endocrine)

A

Secretes insulin

92
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that regulates glucose levels

93
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

On top of the kidneys; release epinephrine and norepinephrine and help regulate carbohydrate metabolism, control stress reactions, and regulate salt and water absorption in the kidneys

94
Q

Gonads

A

Sex glands; regulate body’s ability to reproduce. Ovaries in women and testes in males

95
Q

Ovaries secrete _______

A

Estrogen and progesterone

96
Q

Testes secrete _______

A

Testosterone

97
Q

Reproduce

A

Create new human life

98
Q

Tube through which both urine and semen passes through in males:

A

Urethra

99
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of the uterus that has blood vessels to supply and grow the embryo

100
Q

Fundus

A

Where a baby develops after a fertilized egg is implanted

101
Q

Nonspecific Immunity

A

Protects the body from disease in general. Includes anatomic barriers, physiologic barriers, and inflammatory responses.

102
Q

Specific Immunity

A

Protects against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time. Results from antibodies created in the presence of a disease and vaccinations.

103
Q

Lymph

A

Clear, yellowish fluids that carry disease-fighting lymphocytes

104
Q

Antibodies are carried within _____ and prevent ___________________.

A

Cells; a disease from threatening the body a second time.

105
Q

What 2 systems are related to the lymphatic system?

A

Immune and circulatory systems

106
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Removes waste products from body tissues and helps the immune system fight infections

107
Q

Lymph fluid flows through the ____________.

A

Bloodstream.

CNA (4 decks)

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