Chapter 9 Flashcards
The Healthy Human Body
Homeostasis
Condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best
Metabolism
Physical and chemical processes
Signs and Symptoms
Changes in metabolic processes
Organs
Made up of tissues. An organ has a specific function
Tissues
Made of groups of cells that perform a similar task; make up organs. Made up of cells
Cells
“Building blocks” of the body. Divide, grow, and die to renew tissues and organs
Anterior/Ventral
Front side of the body/body part
Posterior/Dorsal
Back side of the body/body part
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Away from the head; toward the feet
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
To the side, away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to the torso
Distal
Further away from the torso
Integumentary System
Includes skin, hair, nails, and associated glands
Integument
Natural protective covering (e.g., skin)
Glands
Secrete hormones
Hormones
Chemical substances created by the body that control numerous substances
Dilate
Widen; blood vessels dilate when it is too hot
Constrict
Narrow; blood vessels constrict when it is too cold (helps to retain heat)
The dermis contains:
Capillaries, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair roots.
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin that contains both living and dead cells as well as pigment cells; thinner than the dermis.
Sweat contains:
Water, salt, and a small amount of wastes
What is the purpose of hair?
To protect from heat and cold and prevent particles and bacteria from trying to enter the body via the ears and nose
What are some normal signs of aging?
Thinning skin, wrinkles, brown spots, thinning of fatty tissue, thinning or graying hair, less elastic skin, drier skin
What are NOT normal signs of aging (signs and symptoms to report)?
Bruises, cuts or wounds, rashes or flaking of the skin, color changes in skin, swelling, “orange-peel” look of skin
Bones
Make of the framework of the body; part of the musculoskeletal system. They protect internal organs (e.g., the brain) and are made up of living cells. We have 206 of them.
What gives the body shape and structure as well as allow it to move?
Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage; the musculoskeletal system
How many bones do we have?
206
Two bones meet at a _____.
Joint
Hinge Joint
Elbow; movement in one direction only
Ball and Socket Joint
Round end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another; allows movement in all directions
Muscles
Provide movement to body parts to maintain posture and produce heat
Skeletal Muscles
Voluntary; can be consciously controlled (e.g., leg or arm muscles)
Smooth Muscles
Involuntary; cannot be consciously controlled (e.g., stomach or heart)
Muscle Atrophy
Occurs when a muscle wastes away, decreases in size, and becomes weak
Contracture
Muscle shortens, becomes inflexible, and “freezes” in position; can cause permanent disability.
ROM exercises can prevent what?
Contractures, atrophy, and decreased physical and mental health
Normal signs of aging include:
Muscles weakness, loss of muscle tone, slower body movement, loss of bone density (more brittle), joints may stiffen, painful joints, and height is gradually lost
Signs and symptoms that can occur with aging and should be reported:
Changes in ability to do ROM exercises and routine movements and activities, pain during movement, aches and pains reported to you, bruising, white, shiny, red, or warm areas over a joint, and any new or increased swelling of joints.
Nervous System
Control and message center of the body.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord and cushions them against injuries
What are the 3 main sections of the brain?
The cerebellum, cerebrum, and the brainstem
What functions does that cerebral cortex deal with?
Thinking, judgement, emotions, memory, speech, interprets senses, voluntary muscle movement control
What does the cerebellum do?
Controls balance, regulates voluntary muscles
What does the brainstem do?
Controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, closing/opening blood vessels
Sclera
White part of the eye
Cornea
Part of the eye over the iris
Pupil
Part of the eye that dilates or constricts to allow different light levels in
What are the 3 parts of the ear?
Outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.
Auricle/Pinna
Visible part of the ear; outer ear
Eustachian Tube
Connects the middle ear to the throat
Ossicles
Transmit sound to the inner ear
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outside layer of the cerebrum
What are our 5 sense organs?
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
What happens if waste products are not removed from the body?
Organs become diseased
Iron
Gives blood its red color; allows bodies to produce new red blood cells
Bone marrow produces _________
Red blood cells
What produces white blood cells?
Bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland
Platelets
Produced by bone marrow; cause the blood to clot to prevent excess bleeding
Atrium
The two upper chambers of the heart
Ventricles
The two lower chambers of the heart
Systole
When the ventricles pump blood through blood vessels
Diastole
When the chambers of the heart fill with blood
Arteries
Bring blood away from the heart
Capillaries
Exchange nutrients and gases with the cells
Veins
Carry blood back to the heart
Respiration
Body taking in oxygen, removing carbon dioxide
Inspiration
Breathing in
Expiration
Breathing out
The larynx is also called the _____ ___.
Voice box
Alveoli
Oxygen and CO2 exchanged between these and the capillaries
Sputum
Fluid a person coughs up from the lungs
What are the parts of the urinary system?
Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra
What happens when blood flows through the kidneys?
Waste products and excess water are filtered out to create urine
Meatus
Where urine passes out of the body; for women, just in front of the opening of the vagina, and for men, at the end of the penis
Urinary Incontinence
Inability to control the bladder
Digestion
Process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells
Elimination
Process of expelling solid wastes made up of waste products of food that could not be absorbed into the cells
Saliva
Moistens food and begins chemical digestion
Pharynx
Muscular structure at the back of the throat; connects mouth to esophagus
Peristalsis
Involuntary contractions in the digestive tract that push food onward
Chyme
Semi-liquid substance in the stomach that results from food being broken down chemically and physically
Bile
Green liquid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; helps break down dietary fat in the small intestine
Pituitary Gland
“Master” gland; controls other glands and causes them to secrete hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone
Controls the balance of fluids in the body
Oxytocin
Causes the uterus to contract during birth
The endocrine system is made up of ______.
Glands (which secrete hormones)
Thyroid Gland
In front of the larynx; produces thyroid hormone to regulate metabolism
Parathyroid Gland
Regulates body’s use of calcium
Pancreas (Endocrine)
Secretes insulin
Insulin
Hormone that regulates glucose levels
Adrenal Glands
On top of the kidneys; release epinephrine and norepinephrine and help regulate carbohydrate metabolism, control stress reactions, and regulate salt and water absorption in the kidneys
Gonads
Sex glands; regulate body’s ability to reproduce. Ovaries in women and testes in males
Ovaries secrete _______
Estrogen and progesterone
Testes secrete _______
Testosterone
Reproduce
Create new human life
Tube through which both urine and semen passes through in males:
Urethra
Endometrium
Lining of the uterus that has blood vessels to supply and grow the embryo
Fundus
Where a baby develops after a fertilized egg is implanted
Nonspecific Immunity
Protects the body from disease in general. Includes anatomic barriers, physiologic barriers, and inflammatory responses.
Specific Immunity
Protects against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time. Results from antibodies created in the presence of a disease and vaccinations.
Lymph
Clear, yellowish fluids that carry disease-fighting lymphocytes
Antibodies are carried within _____ and prevent ___________________.
Cells; a disease from threatening the body a second time.
What 2 systems are related to the lymphatic system?
Immune and circulatory systems
What does the lymphatic system do?
Removes waste products from body tissues and helps the immune system fight infections
Lymph fluid flows through the ____________.
Bloodstream.
