Chapter 9 Flashcards
The Healthy Human Body (107 cards)
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
Condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best
2
Q
Metabolism
A
Physical and chemical processes
3
Q
Signs and Symptoms
A
Changes in metabolic processes
4
Q
Organs
A
Made up of tissues. An organ has a specific function
5
Q
Tissues
A
Made of groups of cells that perform a similar task; make up organs. Made up of cells
6
Q
Cells
A
“Building blocks” of the body. Divide, grow, and die to renew tissues and organs
7
Q
Anterior/Ventral
A
Front side of the body/body part
8
Q
Posterior/Dorsal
A
Back side of the body/body part
9
Q
Superior
A
Toward the head
10
Q
Inferior
A
Away from the head; toward the feet
11
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
12
Q
Lateral
A
To the side, away from the midline of the body
13
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to the torso
14
Q
Distal
A
Further away from the torso
15
Q
Integumentary System
A
Includes skin, hair, nails, and associated glands
16
Q
Integument
A
Natural protective covering (e.g., skin)
17
Q
Glands
A
Secrete hormones
18
Q
Hormones
A
Chemical substances created by the body that control numerous substances
19
Q
Dilate
A
Widen; blood vessels dilate when it is too hot
20
Q
Constrict
A
Narrow; blood vessels constrict when it is too cold (helps to retain heat)
21
Q
The dermis contains:
A
Capillaries, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair roots.
22
Q
Epidermis
A
Outermost layer of skin that contains both living and dead cells as well as pigment cells; thinner than the dermis.
23
Q
Sweat contains:
A
Water, salt, and a small amount of wastes
24
Q
What is the purpose of hair?
A
To protect from heat and cold and prevent particles and bacteria from trying to enter the body via the ears and nose
25
What are some normal signs of aging?
Thinning skin, wrinkles, brown spots, thinning of fatty tissue, thinning or graying hair, less elastic skin, drier skin
26
What are NOT normal signs of aging (signs and symptoms to report)?
Bruises, cuts or wounds, rashes or flaking of the skin, color changes in skin, swelling, "orange-peel" look of skin
27
Bones
Make of the framework of the body; part of the musculoskeletal system. They protect internal organs (e.g., the brain) and are made up of living cells. We have 206 of them.
28
What gives the body shape and structure as well as allow it to move?
Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage; the musculoskeletal system
29
How many bones do we have?
206
30
Two bones meet at a _____.
Joint
31
Hinge Joint
Elbow; movement in one direction only
32
Ball and Socket Joint
Round end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another; allows movement in all directions
33
Muscles
Provide movement to body parts to maintain posture and produce heat
34
Skeletal Muscles
Voluntary; can be consciously controlled (e.g., leg or arm muscles)
35
Smooth Muscles
Involuntary; cannot be consciously controlled (e.g., stomach or heart)
36
Muscle Atrophy
Occurs when a muscle wastes away, decreases in size, and becomes weak
37
Contracture
Muscle shortens, becomes inflexible, and "freezes" in position; can cause permanent disability.
38
ROM exercises can prevent what?
Contractures, atrophy, and decreased physical and mental health
39
Normal signs of aging include:
Muscles weakness, loss of muscle tone, slower body movement, loss of bone density (more brittle), joints may stiffen, painful joints, and height is gradually lost
40
Signs and symptoms that can occur with aging and should be reported:
Changes in ability to do ROM exercises and routine movements and activities, pain during movement, aches and pains reported to you, bruising, white, shiny, red, or warm areas over a joint, and any new or increased swelling of joints.
41
Nervous System
Control and message center of the body.
42
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord and cushions them against injuries
43
What are the 3 main sections of the brain?
The cerebellum, cerebrum, and the brainstem
44
What functions does that cerebral cortex deal with?
Thinking, judgement, emotions, memory, speech, interprets senses, voluntary muscle movement control
45
What does the cerebellum do?
Controls balance, regulates voluntary muscles
46
What does the brainstem do?
Controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, closing/opening blood vessels
47
Sclera
White part of the eye
48
Cornea
Part of the eye over the iris
49
Pupil
Part of the eye that dilates or constricts to allow different light levels in
50
What are the 3 parts of the ear?
Outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.
51
Auricle/Pinna
Visible part of the ear; outer ear
52
Eustachian Tube
Connects the middle ear to the throat
53
Ossicles
Transmit sound to the inner ear
54
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outside layer of the cerebrum
55
What are our 5 sense organs?
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
56
What happens if waste products are not removed from the body?
Organs become diseased
57
Iron
Gives blood its red color; allows bodies to produce new red blood cells
58
Bone marrow produces _________
Red blood cells
59
What produces white blood cells?
Bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland
60
Platelets
Produced by bone marrow; cause the blood to clot to prevent excess bleeding
61
Atrium
The two upper chambers of the heart
62
Ventricles
The two lower chambers of the heart
63
Systole
When the ventricles pump blood through blood vessels
64
Diastole
When the chambers of the heart fill with blood
65
Arteries
Bring blood away from the heart
66
Capillaries
Exchange nutrients and gases with the cells
67
Veins
Carry blood back to the heart
68
Respiration
Body taking in oxygen, removing carbon dioxide
69
Inspiration
Breathing in
70
Expiration
Breathing out
71
The larynx is also called the _____ ___.
Voice box
72
Alveoli
Oxygen and CO2 exchanged between these and the capillaries
73
Sputum
Fluid a person coughs up from the lungs
74
What are the parts of the urinary system?
Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra
75
What happens when blood flows through the kidneys?
Waste products and excess water are filtered out to create urine
76
Meatus
Where urine passes out of the body; for women, just in front of the opening of the vagina, and for men, at the end of the penis
77
Urinary Incontinence
Inability to control the bladder
78
Digestion
Process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells
79
Elimination
Process of expelling solid wastes made up of waste products of food that could not be absorbed into the cells
80
Saliva
Moistens food and begins chemical digestion
81
Pharynx
Muscular structure at the back of the throat; connects mouth to esophagus
82
Peristalsis
Involuntary contractions in the digestive tract that push food onward
83
Chyme
Semi-liquid substance in the stomach that results from food being broken down chemically and physically
84
Bile
Green liquid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; helps break down dietary fat in the small intestine
85
Pituitary Gland
"Master" gland; controls other glands and causes them to secrete hormones
86
Antidiuretic Hormone
Controls the balance of fluids in the body
87
Oxytocin
Causes the uterus to contract during birth
88
The endocrine system is made up of ______.
Glands (which secrete hormones)
89
Thyroid Gland
In front of the larynx; produces thyroid hormone to regulate metabolism
90
Parathyroid Gland
Regulates body's use of calcium
91
Pancreas (Endocrine)
Secretes insulin
92
Insulin
Hormone that regulates glucose levels
93
Adrenal Glands
On top of the kidneys; release epinephrine and norepinephrine and help regulate carbohydrate metabolism, control stress reactions, and regulate salt and water absorption in the kidneys
94
Gonads
Sex glands; regulate body's ability to reproduce. Ovaries in women and testes in males
95
Ovaries secrete _______
Estrogen and progesterone
96
Testes secrete _______
Testosterone
97
Reproduce
Create new human life
98
Tube through which both urine and semen passes through in males:
Urethra
99
Endometrium
Lining of the uterus that has blood vessels to supply and grow the embryo
100
Fundus
Where a baby develops after a fertilized egg is implanted
101
Nonspecific Immunity
Protects the body from disease in general. Includes anatomic barriers, physiologic barriers, and inflammatory responses.
102
Specific Immunity
Protects against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time. Results from antibodies created in the presence of a disease and vaccinations.
103
Lymph
Clear, yellowish fluids that carry disease-fighting lymphocytes
104
Antibodies are carried within _____ and prevent ___________________.
Cells; a disease from threatening the body a second time.
105
What 2 systems are related to the lymphatic system?
Immune and circulatory systems
106
What does the lymphatic system do?
Removes waste products from body tissues and helps the immune system fight infections
107
Lymph fluid flows through the ____________.
Bloodstream.
