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Anthropology (Chapter 9 -12) > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of language?

A

A form of communication that is based on a systematic set of learned symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation.

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2
Q

What is a dialect?

A

A way of speaking in a particular place associated with region, social class, and ethnic group.

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3
Q

What is linguistics anthropology and what does it study?

A

It is the scientific study of language. It studies human communication, especially non-Western languages.

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4
Q

What are the differences between human and non-human languages?

A

Productivity, displacement, and non-human primates rely on a call system.

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5
Q

What is productivity?

A

The ability to create an infinite number of novel and understandable messages.

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6
Q

What is displacement?

A

The ability to communicate about the past, the future, and imaginary things.

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7
Q

What are the formal properties of verbal languages?

A

Phonemes, morphemes, syntax (grammar), and lexicon or vocabulary.

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8
Q

What is focal vocabulary?

A

Words that refer to important features of a particular culture. Example: different ways of starting a conversation.

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9
Q

What is semantics/ethno-semantics?

A

The study of meaning of words, phrases, and sentences (in a particular culture). In anthropology we study ethno-semantics.

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10
Q

What is an example of ethno-semantics?

A

Free speech movement (Martin Luther King…etc.)

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11
Q

What is heteroglossia?

A

Leaning how and what to speak in a particular social situation.

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12
Q

What are the types of non-verbal communication?

A

Sign language, gestures which are usually movements of hands, greetings (formal and informal), and silence.

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13
Q

When does the Western Apache of Arizona use silence?

A

Meeting a stranger, early stages of courting, coming home after long absence, and getting cussed out.

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14
Q

What is an example of focal vocabulary?

A

The word ‘show’ Circumpolar languages, ‘camel’ in Arabic, and ‘rain’ in Bengali.

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15
Q

What is silence?

A

It is a form of non-verbal communication related to status, power, and culture.

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16
Q

What are the different types of body language?

A

Cultural inscriptions of the body, cultural specific, eye contact, color of clothing, and head covering.

17
Q

What is an example of non-verbal communication in a culture?

A

In Japan, bowing is a sign of respect or gratitude.

18
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity principle)?

A

A perspective that language has the power to shape the way people see the world and our behaviour.

19
Q

What is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A

A language that has different pronouns for men and women forces its speakers to think of men and women as radically different kinds of beings.

20
Q

What is sociolinguistics?

A

The study of how cultural and social contexts shape language.

21
Q

What is a cultural constructionist argument?

A

A person’s context and social position shape the content, form and meaning of their language.

22
Q

How did the origin and history of language come about?

A

Proto-Indo-European language (10,000 - 50,000 years ago) is the hypothetical early parent language. It is believed several languages today have developed from a single language.

23
Q

What is historical linguistic?

A

The study of language change through history.

24
Q

What is concept of language family?

A

Languages descended from a parent language.

25
Q

Where did the earliest written languages come from?

A

Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.

26
Q

What did the earliest written languages all use?

A

They used ‘logographs’, signs that indicate a word, syllable, or sound.

27
Q

What did colonialism do to language?

A

Created two forms of new languages: Pidgins and Creoles.

28
Q

What is a pidgin?

A

A language that blends elements of two parent languages due to two different cultures with different languages coming into contact to communicate.

29
Q

What is a creole?

A

A language descended from pidgin but has their own native speakers with richer vocabulary, and developed grammar than pidgin.

30
Q

What are the views of African American English (AAE)?

A

Linguistic conservatives support teaching of standard American English but do not support AAE. The AAE supporters say it’s a language on its own right, AAE speakers face being bilingual in school. Teachers need to recognize and build on AAE while teaching standard English.

31
Q

What is black English?

A

Broken English or grammatically incorrect English.

32
Q

What is the effect of nationalism?

A

Nationalist policies of cultural assimilation of minorities have led to suppression and loss of local dialects and the extinction of many indigenous and minority languages throughout the world.

33
Q

How did the spread of the language, Proto-Bantu, happen in Africa and what did it do to the language?

A

It happened through migration as the farming population expanded and moved into areas occupied by indigenous foragers. Today, many African languages are derived from Proto-Bantu.

34
Q

What is a new and emerging English variant?

A

Textese is an emerging variant of written English and other languages associated with cell phone communication

35
Q

What are the severities of endangered languages?

A

Language shift (limited vocabulary), language endangerment (fewer than 10,000 speakers), near extinction (fewer elders alive), and language extinction.

36
Q

What is an example of language revitalization?

A

Summer institute of linguistics (Bible Translators) sent missionaries to small communities to translate the Christian Bible into their local language.

37
Q

What is observer’s paradox in field research?

A

The presence of a researcher changes people’s behavior, and everyday speech to more formal and correct speaking pattern.

Anthropology (Chapter 9 -12) (5 decks)

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