Chapter 9 Flashcards
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA: 5-carbon sugar is ribose not deoxyribose
Ribose has a hydoxyl group at the 2’ carbon instead of a hydrogen atom like deoxyribose
RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and URACIL (No thymine)
RNA is a single-stranded molecule instead of double-stranded helix
What are the complementary base pair rules for DNA? and RNA?
A-T (U if RNA) and C-G
What kind of DNA do prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain? Circular or linear?
Prokaryotes contain double stranded and circular compared to eukaryotes where it is a helix shape/linear.
Where is the DNA located in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes?
DNA is located in the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell. DNA is located in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
What is semiconservative replication?
Each new double strand consists of one parental strand and one new daughter strand
What is DNA replication? What steps are involved in this process?
DNA replication copys the DNA from the parent cell and gives it to the daughter cell. The steps are Initiation: DNA helix is unwound by an enzyme called DNA helicase.
Elongation: New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA polymerases.
Termination: RNA primers are removed and replaced by DNA nucleotides and gaps between fragments are sealed with DNA ligase.
What is DNA polymerase proofreading and when does it occur?
Enzymes that make new DNA and proofread the DNA to remove incccorect bases and replace them with the correct base. Happens during replication
What is a promoter in Transcription?
It is the enzyme responsible for adding for adding new RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand
What is the difference between exons and introns?
exons are protein coding regions of mRNA and introns are non-protein coding regions of mRNA
What is splicing?
The process of removing introns and splicing (or sticking together) exons
What are the functions of the 5’ -Cap and 3’ -Poly-A tail?
Prevent the mRNA from degrading when its transported out of the nucleus.
Helps to initiate translation in the cytoplasm.
Whatis the difference between Transcription and Translation? What steps are involved in both processes?
Translation is protein synthesis and transcription is copying the DNA sequence to make RNA molecules. Initation, elongation, and termination are involved in both processes
How does Gene Regulation work in eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes: gene expression is regulated ONLY at the transciptional level.
Eukaryotes: gene expression is regulated at the epigenetic level, trascriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels.
