Chapter 13 Flashcards
What were the first forms of life on earth?
Prokaryotes
What is the difference between gram positive and gram-negative bacteria?
gram-positive: cell wall is thick
gram-negative: wall is thin and surrounded by an outer membrane
Which two kingdoms consist of prokaryotic cell?
bacteria and archaea
What is conjugation in bacteria?
Plasmid DNA(non-genomic) is transferred from one prokaryote to another by means of a pilus that brings two cells in contact with one another.
What are the different ways by which protists can reproduce aesexually?
Binary fission, multiple fission, budding
What are saprobes?
organisms that feed on dead organisms or the waste matter produced by organisms and are specilized to absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter
Which parasitic protist causes malaria?
plasmodium falciparum
What is mycorrhiza?
fungal infections
Why are treatments of fungal infections challenging?
antibiotics only target prokaryotic cells, whereas compounds that kill fungi(eukaryotic) also adversely affect the eukaryotic animal host, making fungal infections difficult to treat.
Why are fungi beneficial to humans?
Pest control, diet, medicines
What are the main reasons for bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?
Germs develop new processes that avoid using the antibiotic’s target, germs change or destroy the antibiotics with enzymes, germs restrict the access of the antibiotic such that it cannot enter the cell, germs change the target of the antibiotic, germs get rid of the antibiotic by using pumps to get it out of the cell
What is microbial bioremediation?
the use of prokaryotes (or microbial metabolism) to remove pollutants
What are symbiotic relationships? What is commensalism? What is mutalism?
Symbiotic relationships are interacters between two different organisms living in close physical association. Commensalism: an interaction that benefits bacterium, but neither benefits nor harms the host.
