Chapter 9 Flashcards
The – initializes itself and begins sending out signals to control other parts of the computer
cpu
The – performs a power-on self test (post)
BIOS
– checks memory and other hardware, such as detecting the type of storage devices that are attached to the system
BIOS
The – sends a signal to the SCSI controller card (if one is installed), telling it to initialize itself.
BIOS
In nearly all cases, however, the – actually loads a small program called a –.
BIOS
Bootloader
The two bootloaders that are commonly used on Linux are – and –.
GRUB (Grand Unified Boot Loader)
LILO ( Linux Loader)
(Bootloaders) – is a more advanced program and is the default on most systems
GRUB
A – lets you control which of many operating systems is started each time you turn on your computer.
Boot loader
The boot loader, can be stored on the –
Master Boot Record (MBR)
In Linux, the kernel is just a regular file, normally stored in the –
/boot subdirectory.
The kernel is normally a file named – in the –
vmlinuz in the /boot directory
After booting a version of Linux, you can use the – command to display information about the kernel to see exactly which version you are using.
uname
This command displays the full number of the current kernel:
$ uname -a
The following command displays a timestamp of the kernel, showing when it was compiled.
$ uname -v
The – initializes the PCI bus, sets up network protocols, and initializes device drivers, so it can communicate with device drivers
kernel
You can execute the – command to view the messages stored by the kernel during the boot process.
dmesg
the – command displays the contents of the – – – , an area where messages from the kernel are stored.
dmesg
Kernel ring buffer
(Note) dmesg
if the memory space fills up, the oldest messages are discarded.
|
(Note)
If you do not start dmesg command right after you start the computer, the dmesg command may display only messages that the kernel generated after the hardware was initialized. In that case, you can view the contents of the file – with less or a text editor.
/var/log/dmesg
By using the boot parameter –, you can start Linux in a special single-user maintenance mode.
single
linux single