Chapter 9. Flashcards
Americans with Disabilities Act
A wide-ranging civil rights law enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990, that prohibits, under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability.
Blockbusting
The practice of inducing homeowners in a particular neighborhood to sell their homes quickly, often at below market prices, by creating the fear that the entry of a minority group or groups into the neighborhood will cause a precipitous decline in property values.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
A federal law that prohibits all discrimination on the basis of race.
Disability / Handicap
The consequence of an impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, or some combination of these.
Fair Housing Act of 1968
A federal prohibition that protects buyer/renter of a dwelling from seller/landlord discrimination with regards to race, color, religion, gender, national origin, familial status, or disability.
Familial Status
A single person, pregnant woman or a household with children under 18 living with parents or legal custodians who might experience housing discrimination. Filtering Down - The decline in value of properties in neighborhoods that were once middle or upper-middle income.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Established in 1965, HUD works to create a decent home and suitable living environment for all Americans; it does this by addressing housing needs, improving and developing American communities, and enforcing fair housing laws.
Jones vs. Mayer Supreme Court Decision (1968)
Held that Congress could regulate the sale of private property in order to prevent racial discrimination. Bars all racial discrimination, private as well as public, in the sale or rental of property, and that the statute, thus construed, is a valid exercise of the power of Congress to enforce the 13th Amendment.
Marital Status
Indicated whether the person is married. The only possible answers are “married” or “single”
N.Y. State Human Rights Law -
Protects individuals from the discrimination based on their age, creed, race, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, marital status, disability, military status, domestic violence victim status, arrest record, conviction record, predisposing genetic characteristics, and familial status.
Non-Solicitation Order
A rule adopted by the Secretary of State which prohibits any or all types of solicitation directed towards homeowners within a defined geographic area. Such rule may be adopted after a public hearing and upon the Secretary’s determination that homeowners within the subject area have been subject to intense and repeated solicitations by real estate brokers or salespersons and that such solicitations have caused owners to reasonably believe that property values may decrease because persons of different race, ethnic, religious or social backgrounds are moving or about to move into such area.
Red-Lining
The refusal to lend money within a specific area for various reasons. This practice is illegal.
Steering
The practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race. Steering is highly illegal.
Testers
Volunteers from state or private agencies who enforce fair housing by claiming to be home seekers, thereby finding out if brokers deal fairly with all clients/customers.
A wide-ranging civil rights law enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990, that prohibits, under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability is known as what…?
Americans with Disabilities Act
This Supreme Court decision held that Congress could regulate the sale of private property in order to prevent racial discrimination…?
AJones vs. Mayer
Jones vs. Mayer
Philip is a handicapped individual who owns a unit in a large cooperative complex. Philip’s unit is not currently handicap accessible. If Philip wants to make the unit handicap accessible, who is responsible for the cost of the accommodations…?
Philip himself
Which of the following is a valid and legal reason for a home provider to NOT provide a particular handicap accommodation…?
The provider will experience financial hardship
This law protects individuals from discrimination based on their age, creed, race, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, marital status, disability, military status, domestic violence victim status, arrest record, conviction record, predisposing genetic characteristics, and familial status…?
New York State Human Rights Law
Handicap accessibility and adaptability provisions were required for all new construction as of which year…?
1991
David, a real estate agent, illegally created fear among homeowners in a particular neighborhood by stating that the migration of minority groups into the neighborhood will lead to a decrease in property values. David is guilty of which illegal act…?
Blockbusting
Real estate agents may be subject to licensure suspensions or revocations if they illegally solicit homeowners from these…?
Cease and Desist Lists
Which of the following Acts served as the beginning of the civil rights and fair housing laws…?
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Fair Housing Act of 1968, which protects buyers and rents from discrimination, has how many protected classes…?
7
Which of the following classes is NOT protected under the Fair Housing Act of 1968…?
Sexual Orientation
Which adjectives describe the way we make decisions as a result of implicit bias?
Subconscious, automatic, unintentional
Why does the brain manufacture biases, even if it’s doing it illogically?
To protect us
Is implicit bias carried out with our full knowledge?
No, “implicit” means it’s carried out subconsciously
Which of the following definitions best matches the term “exclusion”?
Alienating or isolating a person because of prejudiced beliefs
Which of the following would be an illegal action if directed at an employee with a mobility impairment?
Obstructing the movement of an employee with a disability.
What is one of the defining characteristics of explicit bias?
It can be controlled.
The practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race is referred to as…?
Steering
Which of the following may be considered a plausible reason for NOT being able to live in a particular neighborhood…?
An individual is not financially capable of buying or renting in a particular neighborhood
What does the term “exclusion” mean?
Unfairly separating a person from a group due to prejudiced attitudes
What causes people to develop implicit bias?
Personal experiences
Why is bias so damaging to national economies?
It limits the earning potential of minority groups.
What is racial steering?
Directing clients to buy specific properties because of their minority status
Which of the following institutions is NOT affected by systemic bias?
They are all affected by systemic bias.
Which type of bias is most easily identified?
Explicit
Why wouldn’t the elimination of explicit bias resolve problems with bias in general?
Because implicit and systemic bias would persist
How does implicit bias differ from systemic bias?
Implicit bias affects personal feelings rather than systems.
According to the fair housing laws, how many persons are assumed to occupy a studio apartment…?
2
In this year, the Fair Housing Act was signed into law…?
1968
This Supreme Court case reasoned that ‘separate but equal’ is considered constitutional…?
Plessy vs. Ferguson
The Supreme Court case, Brown vs. Board of Education, was decided in this year…?
1954
The ‘Section 8’ voucher program was created under this Act…?
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), was established in this year…?
1965
The single family home exemption is also known as what…?
Ms. Murphy’s Exemption
A neighborhood, whose owners have been subjected to blockbusting and have consistently been petitioned to sell their homes, may elect to have their neighborhood designated as what…?
Non-solicitation Zone
The decline in value of properties in neighborhoods that were once middle or upper-middle income is known as…?
Filtering Down
Although cooperative boards can reject applicants for a variety of reasons, which of the following can a board NOT reject an applicant….?
The board’s rejection was based on a protected class
If a building requires a handicap lift in the lobby of a building, who is responsible for paying for the installation and maintenance of the lift…?
The building owner
The Supreme Court case, Buchanan vs. Warley, concluded which of the following…?
Block-by-block zoning per racial group was unconstitutional
Which of the following is NOT one of the protected classes from the Fair Housing Act of 1968…?
Military Status
Which question did the section on personal identity recommend asking to help defeat implicit bias?
“What do I have in common with others I haven’t met before?”
Why is it illegal to base a hiring decision on prejudiced beliefs?
It is illegal due to workplace discrimination laws.
Why might a biased person’s behavior change in different situations?
Because one environment discourages explicit bias while the other does not.
Why isn’t it legal for employers to use biased feelings in the hiring process?
Discrimination laws in the workplace protect job candidates.
In what way does predictive policing continue biased practices?
It relies on data that resulted from previous bias.
In what way do speech and violence motivated by bias exemplify explicit bias?
Because a person chooses to commit these acts
According to this federal law, all citizens were given the right to buy or lease real property…?
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Non-discrimination and housing for FHA or VA loans was signed into law in what year…?
1962
In 1988, this Act was passed into federal law…?
The Fair Housing Amendment Act
The Fair Housing Amendment Act was signed into federal law in what year…?
1988
Which of the following classes is protected under NYC fair housing laws but NOT New York State laws…?
Citizenship Status
In addition to the classes protected under the federal fair housing laws, which of the following classes are protected under the New York State Human Rights Law…?
Marital Status
In New York State, the single family home exemption applies to a home with how many dwelling units…?
2
Which Supreme Court case concluded that block-by-block zoning, which encourages racial segregation was unconstitutional…?
Buchanan vs. Warley
Which of the following Acts served as the beginning of the civil rights and fair housing laws…?
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 has been amended how many times since its inception…?
2
The Fair Housing Act of 1968, which protects buyers and rents from discrimination, has how many protected classes…?
7
Which of the following classes is NOT protected under the Fair Housing Act of 1968…?
Sexual Orientation
What word was used at the very beginning to describe human behavior?
Complex
Which question did the section on personal identity recommend asking to help defeat implicit bias?
“What do I have in common with others I haven’t met before?”
Which adjective best describes explicit bias?
Deliberate
Why would a person express explicit bias in one situation but not in another?
Because the person knows it is more socially acceptable in one environment than in another.
What type of hate speech is illegal?
Speech that incites or threatens violence against others based on bias.
How can bias best be avoided and prevented?
Interacting with people from different backgrounds and cultures.
Which of these scenarios would be an example of implicit bias?
A man avoids using the restroom at the same time as his co-worker, who is transgender.
What is the outcome when systemic bias is not sufficiently addressed?
Bias is reproduced.
Why wouldn’t the elimination of explicit bias resolve problems with bias in general?
Because implicit and systemic bias would persist
How does implicit bias differ from systemic bias?
Implicit bias affects personal feelings rather than systems.
Michael works as a volunteer for the State of New York. His job is to play the role of a prospective renter seeking to rent a new apartment in a particular neighborhood. Michael observes how he is treated by sales agents in an effort to see if he is being treated fairly. Michael may be referred to as which of the following…?
A Tester
The Americans with Disabilities Act was initially signed into federal law in what year…?
1990
In addition to the classes protected under the federal fair housing laws, which of the following classes are protected under the New York State Human Rights Law…?
Marital Status
In New York State, the single family home exemption applies to a home with how many dwelling units…?
2
In order to qualify for the ‘62 and older exemption’, how many residents living in a single dwelling must be at least 62 years of age…?
All residents
In what way does predictive policing continue biased practices?
It relies on data that resulted from previous bias.
In addition to the classes protected under the federal fair housing laws, which of the following classes are protected under the New York State Human Rights Law…?
Military Status
A neighborhood, whose owners have been subjected to blockbusting and have consistently been petitioned to sell their homes, may elect to have their neighborhood designated as what…?
Non-solicitation Zone
Which of the following illegal acts may lead to the decline in property values due to the creation of fear or panic of a minority group moving into a particular neighborhood…?
Blockbusting
The Fair Housing Act of 1968, which protects buyers and rents from discrimination, has how many protected classes…?
7
Which of these strategies would be most effective in avoiding and preventing explicit bias?
Increasing your exposure to people outside of your own group.
The practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race is referred to as…?
Steering
What is one of the characteristics that can be used to identify explicit bias?
It is deliberate and controlled.
Of the following actions, which is illegal in every circumstance?
Choosing to commit a hate crime.
Why might a biased person’s behavior change in different situations?
Because one environment discourages explicit bias while the other does not
A person might not realize that their personal decisions are influenced by which kind of bias?
Implicit
How might implicit bias affect a company’s marketing strategy?
By affecting the types of people they target and represent in ads.
What is racial steering?
Directing clients to buy specific properties because of their minority status
Kristen, a real estate agent, has a Korean client who is seeking to buy a new home. Kristen reasons that her client may not want to live in or near a predominately Hispanic neighborhood and proceeds to show properties accordingly. Kristen is guilty of which of the following…?
Steering
James, a real estate broker, represents an Hispanic client who is seeking to purchase a new home. James believes that his client will want to live in a predominately Hispanic neighborhood and proceeds to show properties accordingly. James may be guilty of the following…?
Steering
According to the fair housing laws, how many persons are assumed to occupy a studio apartment…?
2
In this landmark case, the Supreme Court decided that ‘separate is NOT equal’…?
Brown vs. Board of Education
Real estate agents must be aware of these zones, which prohibit the solicitation of sales and rentals in a particular neighborhood…?
Non-solicitation Zones
Real estate agents may be subject to licensure suspensions or revocations if they illegally solicit homeowners from these…?
Cease and Desist Lists
What is another word the lesson uses multiple times as a synonym for “bias”?
Preference
Of the following statements, which is always true of explicit bias?
The person wants to express their bias.
Which of these scenarios would be an example of implicit bias?
A man avoids using the restroom at the same time as his co-worker, who is transgender.
How might implicit bias affect a company’s marketing strategy?
By affecting the types of people they target and represent in ads.
In what way do speech and violence motivated by bias exemplify explicit bias?
Because a person chooses to commit these acts
In 1974, this Act was signed into Federal law…?
The Housing and Community Development Act
Marcus is a handicapped individual living in a multi-family building. The entrance to the building is three feet above grade and therefore requires a handicap ramp for proper accessibility. Who is responsible for paying for the installation of the ramp…?
The building owner
What’s one explanation for why we act the way we do, covered in this section?
Implicit bias
Implicit biases can create significant ………… in life.
barriers to opportunities
Why are hate speech and hate crimes expressions of explicit bias specifically?
Because they are committed deliberately
What is the outcome when systemic bias is not sufficiently addressed?
Bias is reproduced.
Kristen, a real estate agent, has a Korean client who is seeking to buy a new home. Kristen reasons that her client may not want to live in or near a predominately Hispanic neighborhood and proceeds to show properties accordingly. Kristen is guilty of which of the following…?
Steering
Marcus, a real estate agent, represents an African American client seeking to purchase a new home. Marcus believes his client would not be interested living in a predominately Hispanic neighborhood and proceeds to show properties accordingly. Marcus is guilty of the following…?
Steering
In order to qualify for the ‘55 and older exemption’, how many residents in a particular dwelling must be 55 years of age and older…?
1
A neighborhood, whose owners have been subjected to blockbusting and have consistently been petitioned to sell their homes, may elect to have their neighborhood designated as what…?
Non-solicitation Zone
