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Chapter 8 & 9 - PhysioBio > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

refer to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range

A

Homeotasis

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2
Q

Single value that the body works to maintain

A

Set point

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3
Q

processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point.

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

Greek roots meaning “variable” and “standing”, which means the adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation, avoiding errors rather than just correcting them

A

Allostasis

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5
Q

energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest

A

Basal metabolism

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6
Q

they depend on external sources for body heat instead of generating it themselves; amphibians, reptiles, and most fish.

A

Ectothermic

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7
Q

synonym of ectothermic, from Greek roots meaning “varied heat”

A

Poikilothermic

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8
Q

they generate enough body heat to remain significantly above the temperature of the environment

A

Endothermic

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9
Q

synonym for endothermic, from Greek roots meaning “same heat”

A

Hemeothermic

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10
Q

it is near the optic chiasm, where the optic nerves cross

A

Preoptic

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11
Q

Send output to the hindbrain’s raphe nucleus, which controls the autonomic responses such as shivering, sweating, changes in heart rate and metabolism, and changes in blood flow to the skin

A

Preoptic area/Anterior Hypothalamus

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12
Q

represents an increased set point for body temperature

A

Fever

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13
Q

raises blood pressure by constructing blood vessels, comes from vascular pressure

A

Vasopressin

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14
Q

enables kidney to reabsorb water from urine and therefore make the urine more concentrated, Diuresis means “urination”

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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15
Q

caused by eating salty foods. A drive for water that helps restore the normal state

A

Osmotic thirst

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16
Q

losing fluid by bleeding or sweating

A

Hypovolemic thirst

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17
Q

tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration

A

Osmotic pressure

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18
Q

one through which water can pass but solutes cannot

A

Semipermeable membrane

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19
Q

flow inside the cell

A

Intracellular fluid

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20
Q

flow outside cell

A

Extracellular fluid

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21
Q

organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, receives input from receptors in the digestive tract, enabling it to anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body experiences it

A

OVLT

22
Q

subfornical organ, one population of neurons that increases thirst and another population that suppresses it

A

SFO

23
Q

and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control drinking

A

Lateral preoptic area

24
Q

control the rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin

A

Supraoptic nucleus and paraventicular nucleus

25
Q

splits a portion off Angiotensinogen

A

Renin

26
Q

large protein in the blood, to form angiotensin I

A

Angiotensinogen

27
Q

converted to Angiotensin II

A

Angiotensionogen I

28
Q

meaning thirst based on low volume, you need to restore lost salts and not just water

A

Hypovolemic thirst

29
Q

deficient in sodium shows an immediate strong preference for salty tastes, even for extremely concentrated salt solutions that it would ordinarily reject

A

Sodium-specific hunger

30
Q

hormone that causes the kidneys, salivary glands, and sweat glands to retain salt

A

Aldosterone

31
Q

necessary for metabolizing lactose

A

Lactase

32
Q

sugar in milk

A

Lactose

33
Q

everything an animal swallows leaks out of a tube connected to the esophagus or stomach

A

Sham-feeding

34
Q

or cranial nerve X, conveys information to the brain about the stretching of the stomach walls

A

Vagus nerve

35
Q

part of the small intestine adjoining the stomach, is a major site for absorbing nutrients

A

Duodenum

36
Q

limits meal size in two ways

o First, CCK constricts the sphincter muscle between the stomach and duodenum, causing stomach to hold its contents and fill more quickly than usual. In that way it hastens stomach distension, the primary signal for ending a meal

o Second, CCK stimulates the vagus nerve to send signals to the hypothalamus, causing cells there to release a neurotransmitter that is a shorter version of the CCK molecule itself

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

37
Q

enables glucose to enter the cells

A

Insulin

38
Q

stimulating the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen back to glucose

A

Glucagon

39
Q

from Greek word leptos, meaning “slender”, limited to vertebrates

A

Leptin

40
Q

of hypothalamus has one set of neurons sensitive to hunger signals and a second set sensitive to satiety signals

A

Arcuate nucleus

41
Q

it binds to the same receptors as growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). Peptide related to food deprivation

A

Ghrelin

42
Q

combination of GABA

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

43
Q

axons from the satiety-sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus deliver an excitatory message to the paraventricular nucleus

A

Melanocortins

44
Q

includes so many neuron clusters and passing axons that it has been compared to a crowded train station

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

45
Q

inhibits feeding, and therefore damage to this nucleus leads to overeating and weight gain

A

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

46
Q

damage limited to just the ventromedial hypothalamus does not consistently increase eating or body weight

A

Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome

47
Q

results when a gene causes a medical problem that
includes obesity

A

Syndromal obesity

48
Q

marked by mild cognitive disabilities, short stature, and obesity. People with this syndrome have blood levels of ghrelin four to five times higher than average

A

Prader-willi syndrome

49
Q

occurs when a single gene leads to obesity without other physical or mental abnormalities

A

Monogenic obesity

50
Q

relates to many genes, each of which slightly increases the probability of obesity

A

Polygenic or common obesity

51
Q

condition in which people alternate between binges of overeating and periods of strict dieting

A

Bulimia nervosa

52
Q

characterized by a refusal to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight

A

Anorexia nervosa

Chapter 8 & 9 - PhysioBio (2 decks)

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