Chapter 8

Question 1

Rhythm that prepares them for seasonal changes.

Answer 1

Endogenous Circannual Rhythms

Question 2

Last about a day.

Answer 2

Endogenous Circadian Rhythms

Question 3

Stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm, comes from German term meaning “time-giver.”

Answer 3

Zeitgeber

Question 4

Disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones.

Answer 4

Jetlag

Question 5

Main driver of rhythms for sleep and body temperature, a part of hypothalamus.

Answer 5

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Question 6

Small branch of the optic nerve, from the retina to the SCN, alters the SCN’s settings.

Answer 6

Retinohypothalamic Path

Question 7

Special population of retinal ganglion cells that have their own photopigment, unlike the ones found in rods and cones.

Answer 7

Melanopsin

Question 8

An endocrine gland located just posterior to the thalamus, releases the hormone melatonin.

Answer 8

Pineal gland

Question 9

Widespread chemical, found in nearly all animals – sponges are the only exception – as well as in plants and bacteria. It is released mostly at night, it increases sleepiness.

Answer 9

Melatonin

Question 10

An extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease.

Answer 10

Coma

Question 11

Alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.

Answer 11

Vegetative State

Question 12

One stage higher, with brief periods of purposeful actions and a limited amount of speech comprehension.

Answer 12

Minimally conscious state

Question 13

Condition with no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus.

Answer 13

Brain death

Question 14

Combination of EEG and eye-movement records, for a college student during various stages of sleep

Answer 14

Polysomnograph

Question 15

With a frequency of 8 to 12 per second, characteristic of relaxation, not of all wakefulness

Answer 15

Alpha waves

Question 16

Sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing.

Answer 16

K-complex

Question 17

Burst of 12- to 14-Hz waves for at least half a second

Answer 17

Sleep spindle

Question 18

Heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity decrease, whereas slow, large-amplitude waves become more common.

Answer 18

Slow-wave sleep

Question 19

Deep sleep in some ways and light in others.

Answer 19

Paradoxical sleep

Question 20

Periods of rapid eye movements occur during sleep, synonymous with paradoxical sleep.

Answer 20

Rapid Eye Movement

Question 21

Stages other than REM

Answer 21

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

Question 22

Structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain

Answer 22

Reticular formation

Question 23

Latin word rete, meaning “net”, describes the widespread connections among neurons in this system.

Answer 23

Reticular

Question 24

One part of reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal, term derives from pons and mesencephalon, or “midbrain”.

Answer 24

Pontomescencephalon

Question 25

Literally “dark blue place”, a small structure in the pons, is usually inactive, especially during sleep, but it emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal.

Answer 25

Locus coeruleus

Question 26

Peptide neurotransmitter, release from the lateral and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus. Not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake.

Answer 26

Orexin/Hypocretin

Question 27

Anterior and dorsal to the hypothalamus, provide axons that extend throughout the thalamus and cerebral cortex, some of them increasing wakefulness and others inhibiting it.

Answer 27

Basal forebrain

Question 28

Fancier term for sleepwalking.

Answer 28

Somnambulism

Question 29

distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials for ponsgeniculate-occipital.

Answer 29

PGO waves

Question 30

Which stimulates acetylcholine synapses, quickly move a sleeper into REM sleep.

Answer 30

Carbachol

Question 31

Important for both wakefulness and REM sleep, states of brain arousal.

Answer 31

Acetycholine

Question 32

Interrupt REM sleep

Answer 32

Serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 33

Inadequate sleep

Answer 33

Insomnia

Question 34

Impaired ability to breathe while sleeping

Answer 34

Sleep Apnea

Question 35

Condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day, strikes about 1 person in 1,000.

Answer 35

Narcolepsy

Question 36

Attack of muscles weakness while the person remains awake

Answer 36

Occasional cataplexy

Question 37

Inability to move while falling asleep or waking
up.

Answer 37

Sleep paralysis

Question 38

Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality, often occurring at the onset of sleep

Answer 38

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Question 39

characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms during sleep. Distinct from restless leg syndrome, in which people often feel an urge to kick a leg even while awake.

Answer 39

Periodic limb movement

Question 40

Move around vigorously during their REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams.

Answer 40

REM behavior disorder

Question 41

Experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror

Answer 41

Night terrors

Question 42

Sleeping people engage in sexual behavior, either with a partner or masturbation, and do not remember it afterward.

Answer 42

Sleep sex/Sexsominia

Question 43

Dream represents the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information.

Answer 43

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 44

Regards dream as thinking that takes place under unusual conditions

Answer 44

Neurocognitive hypothesis