Chapter 9 Flashcards
A new set of experiments have shown that people who are overweight have different ______ than people who are not.
type of microorganisms
Why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating?
Little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel
Angiotensin II acts on the kidney to retain more sodium.
False
A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found ____.
A higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives
Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety.
False
Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the ____.
lateral hypothalamus
Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the ____.
constant; variable
The blood’s glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____.
the liver
Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.
True
The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____.
receptors around the third ventricle
Professor Augustus told his class that the _____ detects osmotic pressure.
OVLT and subfornical organ
Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to ____.
satiety
Hypovolemia induces thirst by the production of which hormone?
Angiotensin II
Paige wants to lose weight. The most effective long-term plan is for her to limit her intake of sweet foods.
False
Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in one nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the “master area” for control of appetite. That area is the ____.
arcuate nucleus
Patti has a fever. This is caused by a change in the set point for her body temperature.
True
What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?
Constriction of blood vessels
Sixta has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Although her doctors are not sure if it caused her disorder or is a result of it, but Sixta has disrupted levels of _____ release.
dopamine
Small birds generally eat ____.
only what they need at the moment
Paz just ate some salty popcorn. Now she is experiencing an increase in the concentration of sodium in her _____.
extracellular fluid
Paz just ate some salty popcorn. Now she is experiencing an increase in the concentration of sodium in her _____.
extracellular fluid
Pamala has a fever of 107°F. Her doctor is concerned because ______.
at this temperature, she is starting to damage her own body cells
After damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, an animal will most likely ____.
overeat when presented with a sweetened diet
Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size.
paraventricular nucleus
Why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating?
Little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel
An animal has trouble digesting its food after damage to the ____.
Lateral hypothalamus
Luigi got a deep cut on his foot and started losing a lot of blood. To compensate, his body released ____ to _____ his blood pressure while he was waiting for help to arrive.
vasopressin; increase
Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____.
negative feedback
Axons from the satiety-sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus deliver an _____ message to the paraventricular nucleus, releasing ______.
excitatory; melanocortins
The esophagus brings food from the ____.
mouth to the stomach
The large intestine ____.
absorbs water and minerals
An advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it ____.
enables an animal to stay equally active at all enviromental temperatures
Vasopressin increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels.
True
Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.
True
Patti has a fever. This is caused by a change in the set point for her body temperature.
True
The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control ____.
drinking
What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?
Osmotic
Tammi has a pet lizard. How does her lizard maintain a proper body temperature?
By choosing an appropriate area of the cage
Professor Beck tells his class that homeothermic organisms have an advantage because being homeothermic _____.
enables the individual to stay active when the environment is cool
What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little?
They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food
Which event would lead to eating a larger than normal meal?
Increasing NPY levels
Leonora loves eating carbohydrates. When she does, they are initially broken down in her _____.
mouth
Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?
Metabolizing the sugar in milk
Which group would most likely benefit from taking leptin?
Obese people who fail to produce leptin
In sham-feeding, animals are ____.
allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach
Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by ____.
Causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat
How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature?
Behaviorly
Orexin inhibits appetite.
False
Beyond about 40°C or 41°C, ____ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.
proteins
Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure.
angiotensin II
Shella has trouble regulating her insulin levels. What might happen if her levels got high?
Glucose entry into the cells increases.
Professor Lainez explains to her class that humans will spend more energy _______, than everything else combined.
maintaining basal metabolism
Dinah’s body has produced aldosterone so that she
is able to conserve sodium
Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by ____.
failing to trigger satiety
Vasopressin raises blood pressure by ____.
constricting the blood vessels
Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____.
are the same as the temperature of their enviroments\
Ivette has been diagnosed with Anorexia nervosa. Her doctors have decided to try a new treatment to address her weight loss itself. They start out by having Ivette _____.
wearing warm clothes or staying in a warm room
One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____.
causes the stomach to fill more quickly
The ____ increases the pituitary gland’s secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion.
lateral hypothalamus
Leonora loves eating carbohydrates. When she does, they are initially broken down in her _____.
Mouth
The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.
activity of the vagus nerve
Hal is experiencing osmotic thirst. He should drink pure water.
True
Collin wants to lose weight. His doctors suggest all of the following except _____.
use artificial supplements that increase ghrelin
A set point refers to?
a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level
Kurtis’s dog has had damage to the POA/AH. If he gets hot, he will _____.
not pant properly and potentially overheat
Alysia is lactose intolerant. She has a hard time with _____ although she can have small amounts of ____ because it is easier to digest.
milk; cheese
What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?
small intestine
Homeothermic organisms include ____.
Mammals and birds
Graig is experiencing hypovolemic thirst. His type of thirst _____.
can be satisfied better by slightly salty water than by pure water
The preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitors temperatures from what areas of the body?
The POA/AH and the skin
CCK limits meal size.
True
Obese people tend to produce more insulin than people of normal weight.
True
Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?
Insulin
Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?
Vasopressin
Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____.
convert glycogen to glucose
Professor Wang is lecturing on digestion and eating behaviors. He tells the class that the pancreas makes _____ and ____ that regulate the flow of glucose into the cells.
Glucagon; insulin
Who is doing a project on a homeostatic mechanism?
Dortha who put together a presentation on blood glucose levels
The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring ____.
its own temperature
High levels of leptin are associated with ____.
increased activity and decreased eating
High levels of leptin are associated with ____.
increased activity and decreased eating
An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?
Paraventricular
There are many chemicals and brain areas that contribute to feeding and satiety. Why might this be?
So that if one part of the system gets disrupted, compensation can occur to not disrupt eating behavior
What causes hypovolemic thirst?
Low blood volume
After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____.
eat less
Most mammals at about the age of weaning lose the intestinal enzyme lactase.
True
Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with ____.
ghrelin
Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____.
if you are very thirsty
Lora is sick and has developed a fever. Why might this be helpful for her?
A slight fever activates the immune system and makes it harder for bacteria to survive
