Chapter 7 Flashcards
A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson’s disease because it ____.
does not cross the blood-brain barrier
A motor program is
movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion
The posterior parietal cortex
keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.
mirror
The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes
True
Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington’s disease?
blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering
The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s).
one; three
Purkinje cells are ____.
flat cells in sequential planes
When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?
In preparation for movements
Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.
contraction; inhibition of contraction
The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.
True
People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements.
feelings of intention
What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Difficulty initiating movements
Annamae is studying for a quiz on movement. She writes in her notes that _____ muscle type is responsible for the activity of the ______.
cardiac; heart
What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?
Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion
Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.
Supplementary motor cortex
People with posterior parietal damage ____.
have trouble converting vision into action
Professor Gill tells his class that the basal ganglia are very important for learning _____.
motor habits that are difficult to describe in words
Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson’s disease in cases that involve ____.
early onset of the disease
Who is most likely to have trouble performing the antisaccade task
Linwood who is 5 years old
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.
readiness potential
The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement
True
Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____.
greater the collective duration of the response
What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?
The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements
The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____.
holding a finger in a steady position
The doctor checked Daphne’s eyes by shining a light into them to see if her pupils contracted. The doctor was testing her central pattern generators.
False
Brian’s body initiated the stretch reflex. Which is true?
The reflex was initiated because Brian stretched a muscle
How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response?
By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells
The presymptomatic test for Huntington’s disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also ____.
the approximate age of onset
Although he has had cerebellar damage, Tim still wants to compete in a sport. Which sport is most likely still able to do?
Weight lifting
Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?
A bird flying from tree to tree
Dr. Holzwarth is working in the lab and has been able to demonstrate that drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity will result in muscles becoming ______.
relaxed
When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?
In preparation for movements
People with posterior parietal damage ____.
have trouble converting vision into action
In Huntington’s disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.
False
The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson’s disease ____.
is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson’s disease
Professor Ruggeri tells her class that saccades are voluntary eye movements from one target to another and are initiated by the ____.
Cerebellum
Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.
timing; voluntary movements
What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron’s axon meets a muscle fiber?
Neuromuscular junction
Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.
False
What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson’s disease?
It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons
A boxer’s ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____.
propioception
Hyman’s heart is beating thanks to the work of smooth muscles.
False
The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____.
precise timing
Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____.
slow-twitch fibers
Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?
Spinal cord
Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum?
Purkinje cells
Which muscle is “antagonistic” to a flexor muscle in the right arm?
An extensor muscle in the right arm
In order to bend her arm, Chia needs her _____ muscles.
flexor
After getting wet, Angelo’s dog shook off the water. His dog’s behavior depends on ____.
central pattern generator
In its normal form, part of the gene that controls Huntington’s disease repeats its sequence of bases ____.
between approx. 11-24 time
The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____.
during the second or two prior to a movements
A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.
position and movement of a part of the body
Giving pure dopamine to Parkinson’s patients has generally been very successful.
False
Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.
poorly planned movements
Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?
Fast-twitch muscles
The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington’s disease could be mistaken for which of the following?
Schizophrenia
What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?
The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements
The premotor cortex?
is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____.
eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons
A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____.
recruiting different muscle fibers
What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson’s disease?
L-dopa
The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____.
premotor cortex
What is the effect of MPTP?
It kills the neurons that release dopamine
What is the effect of MPTP?
It kills the neurons that release dopamine
A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.
True
Ever since she suffered damage to her _______, Melissa has found it hard to do things like writing and clapping her hands.
cerebellum
A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the?
muscle spindles
Professor Samaniego is giving a lecture on movement. She tells the class that recent studies about voluntary movements and conscious decisions have found that ____.
brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision
The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.
prevent extreme muscle contractions
Angelina has been dancing all night. At this point, most of the ____ has been used by the muscles and she is now relying on ____.
glucose; fast-twitch fibers
Professor Wen is lecturing his class about Huntington’s Disease. He tells the class that it is a genetic disorder caused by _____.
a dominant gene on chromosome 4
Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human?
Yawning
Lucina is painting with a small brush in each hand. To do this movement, she needs activation via the _____ tract.
Lateral
In Parkinson’s disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?
Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____.
modestly effective; as with other treatments
A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes.
stretch
The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____.
basal ganglia
Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.
supplementary motor cortex
Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____.
anaerobic
Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?
cerebellum
Early symptoms of Huntington’s disease usually include ____.
jerky arm movements and body tremors
Delora has posterior parietal damage. As a result, she ____.
will not step over an obstacle, although she can accurately describe it
In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____.
cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it
In order to move his hand, Eloy would need the medial corticospinal tract to be activated.
False
In order to properly digest her food, Viola needs her ____ muscles to move the food through her digestive system.
smooth
What is the usual age of onset for Huntington’s disease?
30-50 years old
If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?
It could chase prey only over short distances
Nu has been riding her bike for several miles. At this point, she is probably relying more on her fast-twitch muscles.
True
