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Exam 2- Psych 205 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson’s disease because it ____.

A

does not cross the blood-brain barrier

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2
Q

A motor program is

A

movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion

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3
Q

The posterior parietal cortex

A

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

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4
Q

Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.

A

mirror

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5
Q

The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes

A

True

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6
Q

Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington’s disease?

A

blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering

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7
Q

The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s).

A

one; three

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8
Q

Purkinje cells are ____.

A

flat cells in sequential planes

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9
Q

When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?

A

In preparation for movements

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10
Q

Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.

A

contraction; inhibition of contraction

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11
Q

The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.

A

True

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12
Q

People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements.

A

feelings of intention

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13
Q

What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Difficulty initiating movements

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14
Q

Annamae is studying for a quiz on movement. She writes in her notes that _____ muscle type is responsible for the activity of the ______.

A

cardiac; heart

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15
Q

What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?

A

Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion

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16
Q

Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.

A

Supplementary motor cortex

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17
Q

People with posterior parietal damage ____.

A

have trouble converting vision into action

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18
Q

Professor Gill tells his class that the basal ganglia are very important for learning _____.

A

motor habits that are difficult to describe in words

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19
Q

Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson’s disease in cases that involve ____.

A

early onset of the disease

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20
Q

Who is most likely to have trouble performing the antisaccade task

A

Linwood who is 5 years old

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21
Q

The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.

A

readiness potential

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22
Q

The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement

A

True

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23
Q

Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

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24
Q

The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____.

A

greater the collective duration of the response

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25
Q

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?

A

The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements

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26
Q

The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____.

A

holding a finger in a steady position

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27
Q

The doctor checked Daphne’s eyes by shining a light into them to see if her pupils contracted. The doctor was testing her central pattern generators.

A

False

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28
Q

Brian’s body initiated the stretch reflex. Which is true?

A

The reflex was initiated because Brian stretched a muscle

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29
Q

How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response?

A

By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells

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30
Q

The presymptomatic test for Huntington’s disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also ____.

A

the approximate age of onset

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31
Q

Although he has had cerebellar damage, Tim still wants to compete in a sport. Which sport is most likely still able to do?

A

Weight lifting

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32
Q

Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?

A

A bird flying from tree to tree

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33
Q

Dr. Holzwarth is working in the lab and has been able to demonstrate that drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity will result in muscles becoming ______.

A

relaxed

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34
Q

When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?

A

In preparation for movements

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35
Q

People with posterior parietal damage ____.

A

have trouble converting vision into action

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36
Q

In Huntington’s disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.

A

False

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37
Q

The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson’s disease ____.

A

is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson’s disease

38
Q

Professor Ruggeri tells her class that saccades are voluntary eye movements from one target to another and are initiated by the ____.

A

Cerebellum

39
Q

Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.

A

timing; voluntary movements

40
Q

What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron’s axon meets a muscle fiber?

A

Neuromuscular junction

41
Q

Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.

A

False

42
Q

What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson’s disease?

A

It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons

43
Q

A boxer’s ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____.

A

propioception

44
Q

Hyman’s heart is beating thanks to the work of smooth muscles.

A

False

45
Q

The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____.

A

precise timing

46
Q

Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____.

A

slow-twitch fibers

47
Q

Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?

A

Spinal cord

48
Q

Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells

49
Q

Which muscle is “antagonistic” to a flexor muscle in the right arm?

A

An extensor muscle in the right arm

50
Q

In order to bend her arm, Chia needs her _____ muscles.

A

flexor

51
Q

After getting wet, Angelo’s dog shook off the water. His dog’s behavior depends on ____.

A

central pattern generator

52
Q

In its normal form, part of the gene that controls Huntington’s disease repeats its sequence of bases ____.

A

between approx. 11-24 time

53
Q

The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____.

A

during the second or two prior to a movements

54
Q

A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.

A

position and movement of a part of the body

55
Q

Giving pure dopamine to Parkinson’s patients has generally been very successful.

A

False

56
Q

Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.

A

poorly planned movements

57
Q

Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?

A

Fast-twitch muscles

58
Q

The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington’s disease could be mistaken for which of the following?

A

Schizophrenia

59
Q

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?

A

The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements

60
Q

The premotor cortex?

A

is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself

61
Q

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____.

A

eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

62
Q

A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____.

A

recruiting different muscle fibers

63
Q

What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson’s disease?

A

L-dopa

64
Q

The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____.

A

premotor cortex

65
Q

What is the effect of MPTP?

A

It kills the neurons that release dopamine

66
Q

What is the effect of MPTP?

A

It kills the neurons that release dopamine

67
Q

A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

A

True

68
Q

Ever since she suffered damage to her _______, Melissa has found it hard to do things like writing and clapping her hands.

A

cerebellum

69
Q

A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the?

A

muscle spindles

70
Q

Professor Samaniego is giving a lecture on movement. She tells the class that recent studies about voluntary movements and conscious decisions have found that ____.

A

brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision

71
Q

The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.

A

prevent extreme muscle contractions

72
Q

Angelina has been dancing all night. At this point, most of the ____ has been used by the muscles and she is now relying on ____.

A

glucose; fast-twitch fibers

73
Q

Professor Wen is lecturing his class about Huntington’s Disease. He tells the class that it is a genetic disorder caused by _____.

A

a dominant gene on chromosome 4

74
Q

Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human?

A

Yawning

75
Q

Lucina is painting with a small brush in each hand. To do this movement, she needs activation via the _____ tract.

A

Lateral

76
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?

A

Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen

77
Q

As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____.

A

modestly effective; as with other treatments

78
Q

A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes.

A

stretch

79
Q

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____.

A

basal ganglia

80
Q

Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.

A

supplementary motor cortex

81
Q

Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____.

A

anaerobic

82
Q

Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?

A

cerebellum

83
Q

Early symptoms of Huntington’s disease usually include ____.

A

jerky arm movements and body tremors

84
Q

Delora has posterior parietal damage. As a result, she ____.

A

will not step over an obstacle, although she can accurately describe it

85
Q

In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____.

A

cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it

86
Q

In order to move his hand, Eloy would need the medial corticospinal tract to be activated.

A

False

87
Q

In order to properly digest her food, Viola needs her ____ muscles to move the food through her digestive system.

A

smooth

88
Q

What is the usual age of onset for Huntington’s disease?

A

30-50 years old

89
Q

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?

A

It could chase prey only over short distances

90
Q

Nu has been riding her bike for several miles. At this point, she is probably relying more on her fast-twitch muscles.

A

True

Exam 2- Psych 205 (3 decks)

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