Chapter 9

Question 1

Residence time

Answer 1

time spent in the air (shortest 10 days; longest forever)

Question 2

surface to air

Answer 2

ocean evaporation; vapor remains in air for a very short time

Question 3

air to surface

Answer 3

precipitation (78% falls on ocean)

Question 4

movement beneath the surface

Answer 4

runoff; water collects in lakes and rivers and either penetrates ground or runs off if slopped; becomes part of underground water supply; reemerged as either springs or becomes part of rivers and streams

Question 5

Oceans

Answer 5

Pacific (largest), Atlantic, Indian, Arctic;
NaCl; Co2 absorbed by ocean water and creates carbonic acid (affects the ability for microscopic creatures to build shells and exoskeletons)

Question 6

Temperature of oceans

Answer 6

decreases with increasing latitude; high temp=low density; high salinity=high density

Question 7

What causes tides

Answer 7

• gravitational attraction of Moon (lunar tides) and Sun (solar tides)
• More gravitational force on the side of Earth facing the moon
• more centripetal force on opposite side to keep Earth in orbit

Question 8

Spring tides illustration

Answer 8

Moon–Earth–Moon (SUN)

Bulge of water is the biggest when moon is at new moon or full moon (Spring Tide)

Question 9

Neap tides illustration

Answer 9

Moon
|
Earth (SUN)
|
Moon

Question 10

Cryosphere

Answer 10

second largest storage of earth’s water; largest ice pack is in arctic ocean

Question 11

Permafrost

Answer 11

Permanently frozen ground ice

Question 12

Lakes+Conditions needed for the formation

Answer 12

bodies of water surrounded by land; natural basin w restricted access and sufficient water to keep the basin full; most are short-lived

Question 13

human alteration of natural lakes

Answer 13

irrigation, water diversion projects, reservoirs (artificial lakes used for hydroelectric power, municipal water, and stable agriculture)

Question 14

swamps and marshes

Answer 14

flattish places periodically submerged; shallow enough to permit plant growth
- swamps grow TREES; marshes grow GRASSES and RUSHES

Question 15

Rivers and Streams

Answer 15

Streams are smaller
- all running water is called streams
- allow for drainage and watersheds

Question 16

Underground water

Answer 16

quantity depends on porosity and permeability; water has to be highly porise and highly permeable

Question 17

Zone of aeration

Answer 17

close to surface; amount fluctuates with time

Question 18

zone of saturation

Answer 18

pore spaces filled with water; water table intersects the surface, water flows out

Question 19

waterless zone

Answer 19

pressure too great to sustain water