Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sensation & Perception > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

amplitude / intensity

A

The magnitude of displacement (increase or decrease) of a pressure wave; loudness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

frequency

A

The number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats; pitch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

A un it of measure for frequency; 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

loudness

A

The psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pitch

A

The psychological aspect of sound related mainly to the fundamental frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

decibel (dB)

A

A unit of measure for the physical intensity of sound. dB = 20 log (p/p0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sine wave / pure tone

A

The waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sine function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

spectrum

A

A representation of the relative energy (intensity) present at each frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

harmonic spectrum

A

The spectrum of a complex sound in which energy is at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fundamental frequency

A

The lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

timbre

A

The psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar. Timbre quality is conveyed by harmonics and other high frequencies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pinna

A

The outer, funnel-like part of the ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ear canal

A

The canal that conducts sound vibrations from the pinna to the tympanic membrane and prevents damage to the tympanic membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tympanic membrane

A

The eardrum; a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal; vibrates in response to sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

outer ear

A

Pinna and ear canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

middle ear

A

An air-filled chamber containing the middle bones / ossicles; conveys and amplifies vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ossicle

A

Any of three tiny bones of the middle ear: malleus, incus, and stapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

malleus

A

The most exterior of the ossicles; receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

incus

A

The middle of the ossicles; connecting malleus and stapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stapes

A

The most interior of the ossicles; connected to the incus; presses against the oval window of the cochlea on the other end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oval window

A

The flexible opening to the cochlea through which the stapes transmits vibration to the fluid inside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

inner ear

A

Hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull, and the structure within this cavity: the cochlea and the semicircular canals of the vestibular system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tensor tympani

A

The muscle attached to the malleus; tensing it decreases vibration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stapedius

A

The muscle attached to the stapes; tensing it decreases vibration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

acoustic reflex

A

A reflex that protects the ear from intense sounds, via contraction of the stampedius and tense tympani muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cochlea

A

A spiral structure of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

tympanic canal

A

One of three fluid-filled passages in cochlea; extends from the round window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex; scala tympani.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vestibular canal

A

One of three fluid-filled passages in cochlea; extends from the oval window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex; scala vestibuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

middle canal

A

One of three fluid-filled passages in cochlea; is sandwiched between tympanic and vestibular canals and contains the cochlear partition; scala media.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

helicotrema

A

The opening that connects the tympanic and vestibular canals at the apex of the cochlea.

31
Q

Reissner’s membrane

A

A thin sheath of tissue separating the vestibular and middle canals in the cochlea.

32
Q

basilar membrane

A

A plate of fibers that forms the base of the cochlear partition and separates the middle and tympanic canals in the cochlea.

33
Q

cochlear partition

A

The combined basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and organ of Corti, which are together responsible for the transduction of sound waves into neural signals.

34
Q

round window

A

A soft area of tissue at the base of tympanic canal that releases excess pressure remaining from extremely intense sounds.

35
Q

organ of Corti

A

A structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea that is composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers.

36
Q

hair cell

A

Any cell that has stereocilia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain. Some hair cells also receive inputs from the brain.

37
Q

auditory nerve

A

A collection of neurons that convey information from hair cells in the cochlea to the brain stem (afferent neurons) and from the brain stem to the hair cells (efferent neurons).

38
Q

steriocilium

A

Any of the hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that, when flexed, initiate the release of neurotransmitters.

39
Q

tectorial membrane

A

A gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the cochlea, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells.

40
Q

tip link

A

A tiny filament that stretches from the tip of a stereocilium to the side of its neighbor.

41
Q

place code

A

Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the place along the cochlear partition that has the greatest mechanical displacement.

42
Q

afferent fiber

A

A neuron that carries sensory information to the central nervous system.

43
Q

efferent fiber

A

A neuron that carries information from the central nervous system to the periphery.

44
Q

threshold tuning curve

A

A graph plotting the thresholds of a neuron in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response.

45
Q

characteristic frequency (CF)

A

The frequency to which a particular auditory nerve fiber is most sensitive.

46
Q

two-tone suppression

A

A decrease in the firing rate of one auditory nerve fiber due to one tone, when a second tone is presented at the same time.

47
Q

isointensity curve

A

A map plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber against varying frequencies at varying intensities.

48
Q

rate saturation

A

The point at which a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate.

49
Q

rate-intensity function

A

A graph plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a sound of constant frequency at increasing intensities.

50
Q

low-spontaneous fiber

A

An auditory nerve fiber that has a low rate (< 10 spikes/sec) of spontaneous firing; require intense sound.

51
Q

high-spontaneous fiber

A

An auditory nerve fiber that has a high rate (> 30 spikes/sec) of spontaneous firing; increase firing rate in response to relatively low levels of sound.

52
Q

mid-spontaneous fiber

A

An auditory nerve fiber that has a medium rate (10 - 30 spikes/sec) of spontaneous firing.

53
Q

phase locking

A

Firing of a single neuron at one distinct point in the period of a sound wave at a given frequency.

54
Q

temporal code

A

Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the timing of neural firing as it relates to the period of the sound.

55
Q

volley principle

A

The idea that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period.

56
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

the first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse.

57
Q

superior olive

A

An early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from ears converge.

58
Q

inferior colliculus

A

A midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway.

59
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

The part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input from the auditory cortex.

60
Q

tonotopic organization

A

An arrangement in which neurons that respond to different frequencies are organized anatomically in order of frequency.

61
Q

primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

The first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic information.

62
Q

belt area

A

A region of cortex, directly adjacent to the primary auditory cortex (A1), with inputs from A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds.

63
Q

parabelt area

A

A region of cortex, lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, as well as to input from other senses.

64
Q

psychoacoustics

A

The branch of psychophysics that studies the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics in order to understand how the auditory system operates.

65
Q

audibility threshold

A

The lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected at a given frequency.

66
Q

equal-loudness curve

A

A graph plotting sound pressure level (dB SPL) against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness.

67
Q

temporal integration

A

The process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of greater duration; also applies to perceived brightness which depends on the duration of light.

68
Q

masking

A

Using a second sound, frequently noise, to make the detection of another sound more difficult.

69
Q

white noise

A

Noise consisting of all audible frequencies in equal amounts; analogous to white light in vision for which all wavelengths are present.

70
Q

critical bandwidth

A

The range of frequencies conveyed within a channel in the auditory system.

71
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear.

72
Q

otitis media

A

Inflammation of the middle ear, commonly in children as a result of infection.

73
Q

otosclerosis

A

Abnormal growth of the middle-ear bones that causes hearing loss.

74
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss due to defects in the cochlea or auditory nerve.

Sensation & Perception (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions