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EBP Exam #2 > Chapter #9 > Flashcards

Chapter #9 Flashcards

1
Q

Population: Target

A

An entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria.

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2
Q

Population: Target (example)

A

Adult males, 18-years of age or older, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

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3
Q

Population: Accessible

A

The portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access.

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4
Q

Population: Accessible (example)

A

Patients with diabetes who are in an acute care hospital in Dallas, Texas.

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5
Q

Sample:

A

The individual units of population.

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6
Q

Sampling:

A

Selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population.

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7
Q

Inclusion:

A

Characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population.

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8
Q

Inclusion: Example

A

In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients’ abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year.

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9
Q

Exclusion

A

Characteristics that can cause a person or element to be excluded from the target population.

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10
Q

Representativeness

A

A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it is drawn.

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11
Q

Representativeness means?

A

Means that the sample, access population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible

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12
Q

Generalization

A

Extending the findings from the sample under study to the larger population. The extent is influenced by the quality of the study and consistency of the study’s findings.

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13
Q

The steps of data collection are______

A

specific to each study and depend on the research design and measurement techniques

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14
Q

Recruiting the number of subjects planned is______

A

critical because data analysis and interpretation depend on having an adequate sample size.

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15
Q

Probability (random) Sampling: Random=

A

equal chance

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16
Q

Probability (random) Sampling: Stratified Random

A

used in situations when the researcher knows some of the variables in the population that are critical for achieving representativeness.

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17
Q

Probability (random) Sampling: Cluster Random

A

researcher develops a sampling frame that includes all the states, cities, institutions, or clinicians with which elements of the identified population can be linked.

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18
Q

Probability (random) Sampling: Systematic Random

A

used when an ordered list of all members of the population is available.

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19
Q

Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Convenience

A

It provides little opportunity to control for biases; participants are included in the study merely because they happen to be in the right place at the right time.

20
Q

Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Purposeful

A

The researcher consciously selects certain participants, elements, events, or incidents to include in the study.

21
Q

Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Theoretical

A

Researcher gathers data from any person or group who is able to provide relevant, varied, and rich information for theory generation. Most used in grounded theory.

22
Q

Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Network

A

Holds promise for locating participants who would be difficult or impossible to obtain in other ways or who had not been previously identified for the study.

23
Q

Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Quota

A

Goal is to replicate the proportions of the subgroups present in the target population. Used to ensure the inclusion of participant types likely to be underrepresented.

24
Q

Sample Size Calculation in Qualitative Study: Saturation of study data occurs when?

A

Additional sampling provides no new information, only redundancy of previous collected data.

  • Scope of the study.
  • Nature of the topic.
  • Quality of the data.
  • Study design.
25
Q

Sample Size Calculation in Quantitative Study (power analysis): Effect side

A

The size of difference between the groups or the strength of the relationship between two variables.
*(small effect: <0.30 or 0.50 or >-0.50)

26
Q

Type of quantitative study conducted:

A

Descriptive tends to require a larger sample size than the others.

  • Number of variables.
  • Measurement sensitivity.
  • Data analysis techniques.
27
Q

Types of Setting: Partially controlled

A

environment is manipulated or modified in some way by the researcher.

28
Q

Types of Setting: Highly controlled

A

environment structured for the purpose of conducting research. EX- lab.

29
Q

Types of Setting: Natural setting or filed setting

A

uncontrolled, real-life setting. EX- one’s home.

30
Q

Sampling involves?

A

selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements to a study.

31
Q

Sampling theory was developed to determine?

A

The most effective way of acquiring a sample then accurately reflect the population under study.

32
Q

Important sampling theory concepts include?

A
  • population
  • sampling criteria
  • target population
  • accessible population
  • study elements
  • representativeness
  • randomization
  • sampling frame
  • sampling method or plan.
33
Q

In quantitative research, a sampling plan is developed to?

A

increase the depth and richness of the findings related to the phenomenon, situation, processes, or cultural elements being studied.

34
Q

The two main types of sampling methods are?

A

probability and nonprobability.

35
Q

The common probability sampling methods used in nursing research include?

A

simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling.

36
Q

Convenience sampling and quota are used frequently in?

A

quantitative studies

37
Q

Factors to consider when making decisions about sample size in quantitative studies include?

A

type of study, number of variables studied, sensitivity of measurement methods, data analysis, and expected effect size.

38
Q

Power analysis is an effective way to determine?

A

an adequate sample size for quantitative and outcomes studies. In power analysis, effect size, level of significance, (0.05), and standard power (0.8 or 80%) are used to determine sample size for a prospective study and evaluate the sample size of a completed study.

39
Q

The number of participants in a qualitative study is adequate when?

A

saturation and verification of data is achieved on the study topic

40
Q

Important factors to consider in determining sample size for qualitative studies include?

A
  • scope of the study
  • nature of the topic
  • quality of the data collected
  • design of the study
41
Q

Three common settings for conducting nursing research are?

A

natural, partially, and highly controlled settings.

42
Q

2 main types of sampling methods are?

A

probability and nonprobability.

43
Q

Convenience and quota is most commonly used in

A

Quantitative

44
Q

Purposeful, network, and theoretical is more commonly used in?

A

Qualitative

45
Q

Factors when making decisions about sample size in quantitative studies:

A
  • type of study
  • number of variables studied
  • sensitivity of measurement methods
  • data analysis
  • expected effect size
46
Q

Factors when making decisions about sample size in qualitative:

A
  • scope of the study
  • nature of the topic
  • quality of the data collected
  • design of the study

EBP Exam #2 (4 decks)

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