Chapter #9 Flashcards
Population: Target
An entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria.
Population: Target (example)
Adult males, 18-years of age or older, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
Population: Accessible
The portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access.
Population: Accessible (example)
Patients with diabetes who are in an acute care hospital in Dallas, Texas.
Sample:
The individual units of population.
Sampling:
Selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population.
Inclusion:
Characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population.
Inclusion: Example
In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients’ abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year.
Exclusion
Characteristics that can cause a person or element to be excluded from the target population.
Representativeness
A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it is drawn.
Representativeness means?
Means that the sample, access population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible
Generalization
Extending the findings from the sample under study to the larger population. The extent is influenced by the quality of the study and consistency of the study’s findings.
The steps of data collection are______
specific to each study and depend on the research design and measurement techniques
Recruiting the number of subjects planned is______
critical because data analysis and interpretation depend on having an adequate sample size.
Probability (random) Sampling: Random=
equal chance
Probability (random) Sampling: Stratified Random
used in situations when the researcher knows some of the variables in the population that are critical for achieving representativeness.
Probability (random) Sampling: Cluster Random
researcher develops a sampling frame that includes all the states, cities, institutions, or clinicians with which elements of the identified population can be linked.
Probability (random) Sampling: Systematic Random
used when an ordered list of all members of the population is available.
Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Convenience
It provides little opportunity to control for biases; participants are included in the study merely because they happen to be in the right place at the right time.
Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Purposeful
The researcher consciously selects certain participants, elements, events, or incidents to include in the study.
Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Theoretical
Researcher gathers data from any person or group who is able to provide relevant, varied, and rich information for theory generation. Most used in grounded theory.
Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Network
Holds promise for locating participants who would be difficult or impossible to obtain in other ways or who had not been previously identified for the study.
Non-probability (non-random) Sampling: Quota
Goal is to replicate the proportions of the subgroups present in the target population. Used to ensure the inclusion of participant types likely to be underrepresented.
Sample Size Calculation in Qualitative Study: Saturation of study data occurs when?
Additional sampling provides no new information, only redundancy of previous collected data.
- Scope of the study.
- Nature of the topic.
- Quality of the data.
- Study design.
Sample Size Calculation in Quantitative Study (power analysis): Effect side
The size of difference between the groups or the strength of the relationship between two variables.
*(small effect: <0.30 or 0.50 or >-0.50)
Type of quantitative study conducted:
Descriptive tends to require a larger sample size than the others.
- Number of variables.
- Measurement sensitivity.
- Data analysis techniques.
Types of Setting: Partially controlled
environment is manipulated or modified in some way by the researcher.
Types of Setting: Highly controlled
environment structured for the purpose of conducting research. EX- lab.
Types of Setting: Natural setting or filed setting
uncontrolled, real-life setting. EX- one’s home.
Sampling involves?
selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements to a study.
Sampling theory was developed to determine?
The most effective way of acquiring a sample then accurately reflect the population under study.
Important sampling theory concepts include?
- population
- sampling criteria
- target population
- accessible population
- study elements
- representativeness
- randomization
- sampling frame
- sampling method or plan.
In quantitative research, a sampling plan is developed to?
increase the depth and richness of the findings related to the phenomenon, situation, processes, or cultural elements being studied.
The two main types of sampling methods are?
probability and nonprobability.
The common probability sampling methods used in nursing research include?
simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling.
Convenience sampling and quota are used frequently in?
quantitative studies
Factors to consider when making decisions about sample size in quantitative studies include?
type of study, number of variables studied, sensitivity of measurement methods, data analysis, and expected effect size.
Power analysis is an effective way to determine?
an adequate sample size for quantitative and outcomes studies. In power analysis, effect size, level of significance, (0.05), and standard power (0.8 or 80%) are used to determine sample size for a prospective study and evaluate the sample size of a completed study.
The number of participants in a qualitative study is adequate when?
saturation and verification of data is achieved on the study topic
Important factors to consider in determining sample size for qualitative studies include?
- scope of the study
- nature of the topic
- quality of the data collected
- design of the study
Three common settings for conducting nursing research are?
natural, partially, and highly controlled settings.
2 main types of sampling methods are?
probability and nonprobability.
Convenience and quota is most commonly used in
Quantitative
Purposeful, network, and theoretical is more commonly used in?
Qualitative
Factors when making decisions about sample size in quantitative studies:
- type of study
- number of variables studied
- sensitivity of measurement methods
- data analysis
- expected effect size
Factors when making decisions about sample size in qualitative:
- scope of the study
- nature of the topic
- quality of the data collected
- design of the study
