Chapter 9 Flashcards
we form _______ to enrich our lives
however doing so puts us at risk for _____.
attachments
loss
types of loss
primary secondary death related losses losses not related to death nonfinite losses ambiguous losses traumatic losses
primary loses
the termination of close attachments or relationships
secondary losses
those that follow from a primary loss
when is a loss or death termed traumatic?
- suddenness and lack of anticipation
- violence, mutilation, and destruction
- preventability and randomness
- multiple deaths or loses
- personal encounter, threat to survival or shocking confrontation with death
shock effects tend to overwhelm a mourner’s capacity to ____.
multiple deaths can produce a form of _________.
cope
bereavement overload
bereavement definition
objective situation of individuals who have experienced loss
identify the aftermath of loss
three essential elements in all bereavement
- an attachment or relationship with some person or thing that is valued
- the loss, ending, separation of that relationship
- an individual who is deprived of the valued person or thing by the loss
what is grief
term that includes internal and external reactions to loss
grief is a ______ or discomforting disturbance of everday equilibrium
dis-ease (not disease)
clinical depression
form of grieving by angry impulses toward the loved person turned inward toward themselves
guilt
thoughts and feelings of blame
thinking he or she could’ve done something
unrealistic guilt
a temporary acceptance of blame
what makes a difference in gried and bereavement
- nature of prior attatchment
- the way the loss occurred
- the coping strategies
- the developmental situation of person
- the support available
anticipatory grief
reactions to losses that have not yet occurred and are not yet in process
anticipatory mourning
responses to these losses and efforts to cope with anticipated losses and related grief reactions
can greif be absent
Deutsh suggested absence of feelings was a problem
Bonanno disagreed and said they are optimistic
mourning definition
essential process for those who are trying to cope with loss and grief
mourning has two complementary forms
- internal, private, intrapersonal
- grieving and inward struggles to cope - outward, public, or interpersonal
- visible and shared expressions of grief
- effort to obtain social support
theries of mourning
early theoretical models
more recent theories
early theoretical models of mourning
- there is some universal human pattern to how human beings respond to loss
- that pattern is best understood as a series of normative stages or phases which successful mourners work through toward some goal of completion
more recent theories of mourning
- personal in character, no universal pattern exists
- affected by cultural norms and social expectations
- complex, personal interactions with emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social, and spiritual components
bowlby and parkes phases in mourning
- Shock & numbness
- Yearning & searching
- Disorganization & despair
- Reorganization
sanders phases in mourning
- shock
- awareness of loss
- conservation-withdrawal
- healing-the turning point
- renewal
- fulfillment
kubler-ross, kessler, and others mourning stages
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
new models of active coping and personal pathways
tasks in mourning
the dual-process model
adaptive grieving styles
efforts at meaning reconstruction
worden’s tasks in mourning
- To accept the reality of the loss
- To process the pain of grief
- To adjust to a world without the deceased
- To find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life
the dual process model
oscillation between two sets of dynamic and interrelated processes incoping with bereavement
- working thru loss and grief
- addressing secondary losses and new challenges
eveyones experience being different
adaptive grieving styles
intuitive grievers
instrumental grievers
intuitive grievers
emphasize experiencing and expressing emotion
instrumental grievers
focus on practical matters and problem solving
feminine model
only right way to mourn is expressing emotion and reaching out and accepting help
masculine model
suppresses emotion except anger and guilt
hides vulnerability
focuses on practical problems and work
meaning reconstruction
desire for humans to seek meaning to have structure in the chaos
meaning making and meaning finding
three essential principles of meaning reconstruction
- grieving entails reconstructing the world of meaning
- adaptation to bereavement involves redifining a continued bond with the deceased
- narrative methos can restore a sense of autobiographical coherence
continuing bonds
invloves an internal representation of that individual so they keep a presence in ur life
ppl can also make rememberence social media to keep them alive.
enriched rememberence
efforts to restructure the relationahip so as to carry its legacy forward with the bereaved person into his or her new modes of living
possibilities for transformation and growth in grief anf mourning… two key questions?
- are there fixed end points in grief and mourning?
2. are there oppurunities for growth adn tranformation in these experiences?
examples of claims on behalf of fixed end points in mourning
recovery
resolution
completion
recovery
often sadi to be the goal of mourning
resolution
the idea that one is healed and could be essentially inchanged by the loss experience
completion
the idea of a once and for all closure after which there is no more mourning
when does grief get better
when a person can do tasks of daily living and can invest in life again.
when it doesnt hurt as much
complicated grief reactions
personal distress and disruption in everyday activities
chronic persistant or prolonged in duration
four types of complicated grief reactions
- chronic grief
- delayed grief
- exaggerated grief
- masked grief reactions
complications typically develop as a result of …
difficulties with the relationship of deceased
circumstances of the death
bereaved history or personality
social factors surrounding the experience
why can complicated grief reactions lead to harmful affects if stated as an illness.
- normal reactions to death of a loved one will be misclassified as a mental disorder
- antidepressants prescribes for depression, but they dont help with bereaved.
- prescriptions written by pcp most of time, and they might not have training for bereavement.
How are families significant in their members’ bereavements?
They provide a context that influences members’ experiences of loss, grief, & mourning
How do families differ in the ways in which they affect their members’ bereavements?
For example, by being permissive/restrictive, supportive or unsupportive
Do families grieve as a unit?
Only individuals experience grief; families are not persons & do not engage in these intrapersonal processes
Do families as a unit cope with loss & grief?
Families do engage in a type of systemic coping with loss & grief
