Chapter 9 & 10

Question 1

Lobby / Lobbyist

Answer 1

An interest group organized to influence government decisions, especially legislation. To lobby is to attempt to influence such decisions. A lobbyist is a person attempting to influence government decisions on behalf of the group.

Question 2

Interest Group

Answer 2

An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy.

Question 3

Solidary Incentives

Answer 3

The social rewards that lead people to join local or state political organizations. People who find politics fun and want to meet others who share their interests are said to respond to solidary incentives.

Question 4

Material Incentives

Answer 4

Benefits that have monetary value, including money, gifts, services, or discounts received as a result of ones membership in an organization.

Question 5

Purposive Incentives

Answer 5

The benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle from which one does not personally benefit

Question 6

Ideological Interest Groups

Answer 6

Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions with coherent sets of controversial principles

Question 7

Public-Interest Lobby

Answer 7

A political organization that stated goals of which will principally benefit nonmembers.

Question 8

Grassroots Lobbying

Answer 8

the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly

Question 9

“Revolving Door”

Answer 9

Employment cycle in which individuals who work for government agencies regulating interests eventually end up working for interest groups or business with the same policy concern.

Question 10

Pluralist Theory

Answer 10

A theory that competition among all affected interest shapes public policy

Question 11

Elitist Theory

Answer 11

a theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power relationships in contemporary society

Question 12

Hyper-pluralist Theory

Answer 12

Groups are so strong the government is weakened. Hyper=extreme.

Question 13

Iron Triangles

Answer 13

A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee and an interest group that often becomes a mutually advantageous alliance.

Question 14

Think Tanks

Answer 14

is an organization that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture

Question 15

Muckrakers

Answer 15

A journalist who searches through the activities of public officials and organizations seeking to expose conduct contrary to the public interest.

Question 16

Yellow Journalism

Answer 16

type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.

Question 17

Libel

Answer 17

A written statement that falsely injures the reputation of another person

Question 18

Prior Restraint

Answer 18

The tradition view of the press’s free speech rights. According to this view the press is guaranteed freedom from censorship. After publications, however, the government can punish the press for material that is judged libelous or obscene.

Question 19

The Pentagon Papers

Answer 19

More specifically, the papers revealed that the U.S. had secretly enlarged the scale of the Vietnam War with the bombings of nearby Cambodia and Laos, coastal raids on North Vietnam, and Marine Corps attacks, none of which were reported in the mainstream media.[4]

Question 20

Trial Balloon

Answer 20

Information provided by the media by an anonymous public official as a way of testing the public reaction to a possible policy or appointment

Question 21

Equal Time Rule

Answer 21

A rule of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) stating that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate for office, he or she must be willing to sell equal time to opposing candidates.

Question 22

Right-Of-Reply Rule

Answer 22

A rule of the Federal communications Commission (FCC) that if a person is attacked on a broadcast, other than in a regular new program, that person has the right to reply over that same station

Question 23

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

Answer 23

established the actual malice standard, which has to be met before press reports about public officials can be considered to be defamation and libel; and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States

Question 24

Federal Communications commission (FCC)

Answer 24

is an independent agency of the United States government, created by Congressional statute to regulate interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable

Question 25

Freedom Of Information Act (1974)

Answer 25

is a federal freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government