Chapter 8: Water Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Physical characteristics of water (6)

A

Color, turbidity, temperature, particulars, taste, odor

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2
Q

Characteristics of groundwater (5)

A
  1. Constant composition
  2. High mineral content (Fe, Mn)
  3. Low turbidity
  4. Low or no DO
  5. High hardness
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3
Q

Characteristics of surface water (5)

A
  1. Variable composition
  2. Low mineral content
  3. High turbidity
  4. DO present
  5. Low hardness
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4
Q

Colloids

A

Discrete particles that are separated by a dispersal medium (fluid). (EX: milk, fog, butter, blood, paint)

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5
Q

Properties of colloids

A
  1. Negative electrostatic surface charges
  2. 1 nm to 1,000 nm (1µm)
  3. High surface to volume ratios
  4. Called “stable ” when colloidal particles remain in suspension without coagulation and flocculation.
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6
Q

Rapid sand filtration/conventional treatment steps (3)

A
  1. Pre-sedimentation (removes easily settleable material)
  2. Pre-chlorination (Cl added at rapid mix stage)
  3. Direct filtration (coagulation, flocculation, filtration, disinfection)
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7
Q

Coagulation (rapid mixing)

A

Destabilization and initial coalescing of colloidal pollutant particles. Particles stick to each other.

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8
Q

Flocculation (slow mixing)

A

Formation of loosely attached larger aggregates of pollutant particles (flocs) via the addition of coagulants.

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9
Q

How does coagulation and flocculation occur? (3)

A
  1. Brownian motion of particles (particles < 0.5 µm)
  2. Stirring
  3. Differential settlement
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10
Q

Coagulants for water treatment (6)

A

Alum or ferric iron salts, ferric chloride, polymers, slaked lime, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate

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11
Q

Sedimentation

A

Gravity separates particles from water.

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12
Q

Reynold’s Number

A

Ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces

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13
Q

Type 1 sedimentation

A

Particles that settle discretely at a constant velocity. Occurs in dilute suspensions

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14
Q

Type II Sedimentation

A

Particles that flocculate during sedimentation. Changing size and settling velocity due to flocculation.

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15
Q

Type III/Zone, Sedimentation

A

High concentration of particles (>1000 mg/L) settle as a mass, a distinct clear zone and sludge zone are present.

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16
Q

Type IV/Compression Settling

A

Setting of particles that are of such concentration that the settling can occur only by compression of the mass.

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17
Q

Charge neutralization

A

Coagulation by reducing the energy barrier height through adding positive charge counterions as coagulant to the negatively charged colloidal particles.

18
Q

Sweep coagulation

A

Add high concentration of Fe or Al salts so that they form a cloud of metal hydroxide and settle down sweeping the colloidal particles downward

19
Q

Sand size

20
Q

Size of particles passing through sand

21
Q

Size of soil

22
Q

Size of bacteria

23
Q

Size of viruses

A

0.005-0.01 µm

24
Q

Size of flocs

A

100-2000 µm

25
Slow sand filters
Removal by physical straining using fine sand and biological degradation. Clean by scraping top layers. Low loading rates (0.05-2 m/s)
26
Rapid granular filtration
Coarser grain size (0.4 < d < 1) with higher loading rates (5-15 m/s). Like sedimentation/coagulation/flocculation
27
Backwashing
Forcing water/air up from the clear well back through the filter to release trapped particles.
28
Disinfectants (3)
Chlorine, ozone, UV light
29
CT concept
Combination of disinfectant residual concentration, C (mg/L) and the effective disinfection contact time, T (in minutes) to determine the required dose of a disinfectant for effective pathogen reduction.
30
Infiltration
Groundwater that enters sewer systems through cracks and/or leaks in the sewer pipes
31
Inflow
Stormwater that enters into sanitary sewer systems at a point of direct connection to the system
32
Municipal wastewater treatment stages (4)
1. Preliminary treatment: removes materials that can cause operational problems (sand, grit, debris, etc.) 2. Primary Treatment: removes mainly suspended solids 3. Secondary Treatment: remove remaining organic suspended solid and organic dissolved solids 4. Tertiary Treatment: Further removal of nutrients, suspended solids, dissolved organics and microorganisms
33
Equalization
Reduced difference between night time flow and morning high flow.
34
In-line equalization
Dampen variations in both concentration and flow rate
35
Off-line equalization
Dampens flow rate but has a smaller effect on concentration
36
Dispersed growth
When microorganisms are in wastewater (EX: Activated sludge, Biological nutrient removal (BNR), Oxidation ditches/ponds, Aerated lagoons, stabilization ponds)
37
Fixed growth
When microorganisms are fixed on surfaces (EX: Trickling filters, Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs))
38
Activated sludge
Process in which a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms is agitated and aerated.
39
Aeration tank
Contains mixed liquor (suspended solids), the combination of influent wastewater and return (recycled) activated sludge.
40
Trickling filters
Not a true filtering or sieving process, as material (rock or plastic) only provides a surface on which bacteria to grow. Less energy is needed, but has a poorer effluent quality.