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A&P I > Chapter 8 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Joint

A

A site where two or more bones meet

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2
Q

How are joints classified?

A

by sructure and function

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3
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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4
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A

synarthroses,amphiarthroses,diarthroses

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5
Q

Immovable and slightly immoveable joints are typically restricted to what portion of the skeleton?

A

the axial skeleton

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6
Q

Which joints are generally immoveable?

A

fibrous joints

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7
Q

Which types of joints are generally freely moveable?

A

synovial

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8
Q

True or False: Cartilaginous joints have both rigid and slightly moveable examples

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Fibrous joints are composed of what type of tissue?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

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10
Q

True or False: There is no joint cavity present in fibrous joints

A

TRUE

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11
Q

The amount of movement in a fibrous joint is dependant on___________

A

the length of the connective tissue fibers

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12
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmoses,gomphoses

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13
Q

What is a suture?

A

a seam of very short connective tissue fibers that are continous with the periosteum

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14
Q

What are synostoses?

A

a term describing ossified, closed sutures

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15
Q

True or False: The sutures of the skull fuse during middle age

A

TRUE

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16
Q

In syndesmoses, bones are connected exclusively by ____________

A

ligaments

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17
Q

What is the pronounciation of Syndesmoses?

A

sin-des-mo-sez

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18
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely moveable joints

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19
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joints

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20
Q

Synarthroses

A

immovable joints

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21
Q

True or False: There is a joint cavity present in fibrous joints

A

FALSE

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22
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

A peg in socket joint

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23
Q

A gomphosis is a type of __________(structural classification) joint

A

fibrous

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24
Q

What is one example of a gomphoses?

A

A tooth in its alveolar socket

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25
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints in which the articulating bones are joined by cartilage

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26
Q

Cartilaginous joints are _______ moveable

A

not highly

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27
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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28
Q

What are Synchondroses ?

A

Joints in which bone is united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

What are two examples of synchondroses?

A

epiphyseal plates and costal cartilages

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30
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

A joint where bone is united by fibrocartilage

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31
Q

Is hyaline cartilage also present in symphyses?

A

Yes, it is present covering the articulating ends of the bones

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32
Q

Symphyses are ____________ ( functional classification)

A

amphiarthrotic

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33
Q

Symphyses offer strength with ________

A

flexibility

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34
Q

What are two examples of symphyses?

A

pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

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35
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints in which the articulating bones are seperated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

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36
Q

Synovial joints are __________ ( functional classification)

A

diarthroses

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37
Q

What is one example of a synovial joint?

A

Nearly all the joints of the limbs would qualify

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38
Q

Synovial joints have six distinguishing features. What are they?

A

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and never and blood vessels

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39
Q

True or False: Synovial joints are richly supplied with nerve fibers but not blood vessels

A

FALSE

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40
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

a slippery fluid which occupies the free spaces within a joint capsule

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41
Q

True or False: Synovial fluid can be found within articular cartilages

A

TRUE

42
Q

What are capsular ligaments?

A

Thickened portions of the fibrous layer

43
Q

What are Extracapsular ligaments?

A

distinct ligaments which lay outside the articular capsule

44
Q

What are intracapsular ligaments?

A

Ligaments which are found just deep to the articular capsule but outside of the synovial membrane

45
Q

What are the two layers of the articular capsule?

A

The fibrous layer and the synovial membrane

46
Q

The fibrous layer of the articular capsule is composed of which type of tissue?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

47
Q

The synovial membrane is composed of which type of tissue?

A

loose connective tissue

48
Q

What are menisci?

A

Wedges or discs of fibrocartilage that separate articular surfaces

49
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket

50
Q

What are bursae?

A

A flattened fibrous sac lined with a synovial membrane which contains a thin film of synovial fluid

51
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon that is subjected to friction

52
Q

What is a muscles origin?

A

The point of the muscle that is attached to the immoveable (or less moveable bone)

53
Q

What is a muscles insertion?

A

The point of the muscle that attaches to the moveable bone

54
Q

What is noaxial movement?

A

Movement of a body part that which has no axis around which movement can occur

55
Q

What is uniaxial movement?

A

Movement in one plane

56
Q

What is biaxial movement?

A

Movement in two planes

57
Q

What is multiaxial movement?

A

Movement in or aorund all three planes of space and axes

58
Q

What are gliding movements?

A

Movements that occur when one flat or nearly flat bone glides over another

59
Q

Gliding movements can be ______________ and forth or side to _________

A

back,side

60
Q

What are two examples of joints that permit gliding movements

A

Articular processes of the vertebra and between intercarpal and intertarsal joints

61
Q

What are angular movements?

A

Movements that increase or decrease the angle between any two bones

62
Q

True or False: Angular movements can occur in any planr of the body

A

TRUE

63
Q

What is flexion?

A

A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings articulating bones closer together

64
Q

What is extension?

A

A movement which increases the angle of the joint, opposite flexion

65
Q

Flexion and extension typically occur in what plane?

A

Saggittal

66
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Extension beyond the anatomical position

67
Q

Extension typically _______ a body part

A

straightens

68
Q

What is Abduction?

A

Movement of a body part away from the midline or median plane

69
Q

The movement of abduction takes place in what plane?

A

the forntal plane

70
Q

In the case of fingers and toes, when talking about abduction, the ___________ is considered midline

A

the longest digit

71
Q

True or False: Lateral bending of the trunk is considered abduction

A

FALSE

72
Q

Lateral bending of the trunk away from midline is called______

A

lateral flexion

73
Q

Adduction

A

The movement of a body part towards the midline

74
Q

________________ is the opposite of abduction?

A

adduction

75
Q

What is circumduction?

A

movement of a limb so that it describes a cone in space. The distal end moves in a circle while the point of the cone is more or less stationary

76
Q

What is rotation?

A

The movement of a bone around its own long axis

77
Q

What are two examples of joints that permit roation?

A

hip joints and between the first two cervical vertebra

78
Q

True or False: Rotation may be directed towards or away from the midline

A

TRUE

79
Q

What is supination?

A

Refers to a movement of the forarm in which the palm faces anteriorly

80
Q

What is pronation?

A

Refers to a movement of the forarm in which the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly

81
Q

The radius and ulna are parallel when the forarm is_______

A

supinated

82
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Occurs when the foot is lifted towards the shin

83
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

A movement which occurs when the foot is depressed ( pointing of the toes)

84
Q

What is inversion?

A

A movement of the foot in which the sole turns medially

85
Q

What is eversion?

A

A movement of the foot in which the sole turns laterally

86
Q

What is protraction?

A

Noangular anterior movement in a transverse plane

87
Q

What is retraction?

A

Nonangular posterior movement in a transverse plane

88
Q

Protraction and retraction are movements which occur in which plane?

A

Transverse

89
Q

What is elevation?

A

Movement of a body part superiorly

90
Q

What is depression?

A

Movement of a body part inferiorly

91
Q

What is opposition?

A

The movement that occurs when the thumb and fingers meet

92
Q

What is one example of a hinge joint?

A

The articulation of the humerus and ulna

93
Q

What is one example of a Pivot joint?

A

The articulation of the radius and ulna; radius is the axel and the ulna is the sleeve

94
Q

What is one example of a plane joint?

A

The articulation between the carpals and the metacarpals

95
Q

What is one example of a condylar joint?

A

The articulations between the phalanges and the metacarpals

96
Q

What is one example of a saddle joint?

A

The articulation between metacarpal 1 and the Trapezium

97
Q

What is one example of a ball and socket joint?

A

The articulation between the scapula and the humerus

98
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?

A

the knee

99
Q

True or False: The knee contains three joints within one joint cavity

A

TRUE

100
Q

What is the femoropatellar joint?

A

The articulation between the patella and the lower end of the femur

A&P I (7 decks)

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