Chapter 8 Vocab Flashcards
Joint
A site where two or more bones meet
How are joints classified?
by sructure and function
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
synarthroses,amphiarthroses,diarthroses
Immovable and slightly immoveable joints are typically restricted to what portion of the skeleton?
the axial skeleton
Which joints are generally immoveable?
fibrous joints
Which types of joints are generally freely moveable?
synovial
True or False: Cartilaginous joints have both rigid and slightly moveable examples
TRUE
Fibrous joints are composed of what type of tissue?
dense fibrous connective tissue
True or False: There is no joint cavity present in fibrous joints
TRUE
The amount of movement in a fibrous joint is dependant on___________
the length of the connective tissue fibers
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
sutures, syndesmoses,gomphoses
What is a suture?
a seam of very short connective tissue fibers that are continous with the periosteum
What are synostoses?
a term describing ossified, closed sutures
True or False: The sutures of the skull fuse during middle age
TRUE
In syndesmoses, bones are connected exclusively by ____________
ligaments
What is the pronounciation of Syndesmoses?
sin-des-mo-sez
Diarthroses
freely moveable joints
Amphiarthroses
slightly moveable joints
Synarthroses
immovable joints
True or False: There is a joint cavity present in fibrous joints
FALSE
What is a gomphosis?
A peg in socket joint
A gomphosis is a type of __________(structural classification) joint
fibrous
What is one example of a gomphoses?
A tooth in its alveolar socket
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints in which the articulating bones are joined by cartilage
Cartilaginous joints are _______ moveable
not highly
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
What are Synchondroses ?
Joints in which bone is united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
What are two examples of synchondroses?
epiphyseal plates and costal cartilages
What is a symphysis?
A joint where bone is united by fibrocartilage
Is hyaline cartilage also present in symphyses?
Yes, it is present covering the articulating ends of the bones
Symphyses are ____________ ( functional classification)
amphiarthrotic
Symphyses offer strength with ________
flexibility
What are two examples of symphyses?
pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
What are synovial joints?
Joints in which the articulating bones are seperated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
Synovial joints are __________ ( functional classification)
diarthroses
What is one example of a synovial joint?
Nearly all the joints of the limbs would qualify
Synovial joints have six distinguishing features. What are they?
articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and never and blood vessels
True or False: Synovial joints are richly supplied with nerve fibers but not blood vessels
FALSE
What is synovial fluid?
a slippery fluid which occupies the free spaces within a joint capsule
True or False: Synovial fluid can be found within articular cartilages
TRUE
What are capsular ligaments?
Thickened portions of the fibrous layer
What are Extracapsular ligaments?
distinct ligaments which lay outside the articular capsule
What are intracapsular ligaments?
Ligaments which are found just deep to the articular capsule but outside of the synovial membrane
What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
The fibrous layer and the synovial membrane
The fibrous layer of the articular capsule is composed of which type of tissue?
dense irregular connective tissue
The synovial membrane is composed of which type of tissue?
loose connective tissue
What are menisci?
Wedges or discs of fibrocartilage that separate articular surfaces
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
What are bursae?
A flattened fibrous sac lined with a synovial membrane which contains a thin film of synovial fluid
What is a tendon sheath?
an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon that is subjected to friction
What is a muscles origin?
The point of the muscle that is attached to the immoveable (or less moveable bone)
What is a muscles insertion?
The point of the muscle that attaches to the moveable bone
What is noaxial movement?
Movement of a body part that which has no axis around which movement can occur
What is uniaxial movement?
Movement in one plane
What is biaxial movement?
Movement in two planes
What is multiaxial movement?
Movement in or aorund all three planes of space and axes
What are gliding movements?
Movements that occur when one flat or nearly flat bone glides over another
Gliding movements can be ______________ and forth or side to _________
back,side
What are two examples of joints that permit gliding movements
Articular processes of the vertebra and between intercarpal and intertarsal joints
What are angular movements?
Movements that increase or decrease the angle between any two bones
True or False: Angular movements can occur in any planr of the body
TRUE
What is flexion?
A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings articulating bones closer together
What is extension?
A movement which increases the angle of the joint, opposite flexion
Flexion and extension typically occur in what plane?
Saggittal
What is hyperextension?
Extension beyond the anatomical position
Extension typically _______ a body part
straightens
What is Abduction?
Movement of a body part away from the midline or median plane
The movement of abduction takes place in what plane?
the forntal plane
In the case of fingers and toes, when talking about abduction, the ___________ is considered midline
the longest digit
True or False: Lateral bending of the trunk is considered abduction
FALSE
Lateral bending of the trunk away from midline is called______
lateral flexion
Adduction
The movement of a body part towards the midline
________________ is the opposite of abduction?
adduction
What is circumduction?
movement of a limb so that it describes a cone in space. The distal end moves in a circle while the point of the cone is more or less stationary
What is rotation?
The movement of a bone around its own long axis
What are two examples of joints that permit roation?
hip joints and between the first two cervical vertebra
True or False: Rotation may be directed towards or away from the midline
TRUE
What is supination?
Refers to a movement of the forarm in which the palm faces anteriorly
What is pronation?
Refers to a movement of the forarm in which the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly
The radius and ulna are parallel when the forarm is_______
supinated
What is dorsiflexion?
Occurs when the foot is lifted towards the shin
What is plantar flexion?
A movement which occurs when the foot is depressed ( pointing of the toes)
What is inversion?
A movement of the foot in which the sole turns medially
What is eversion?
A movement of the foot in which the sole turns laterally
What is protraction?
Noangular anterior movement in a transverse plane
What is retraction?
Nonangular posterior movement in a transverse plane
Protraction and retraction are movements which occur in which plane?
Transverse
What is elevation?
Movement of a body part superiorly
What is depression?
Movement of a body part inferiorly
What is opposition?
The movement that occurs when the thumb and fingers meet
What is one example of a hinge joint?
The articulation of the humerus and ulna
What is one example of a Pivot joint?
The articulation of the radius and ulna; radius is the axel and the ulna is the sleeve
What is one example of a plane joint?
The articulation between the carpals and the metacarpals
What is one example of a condylar joint?
The articulations between the phalanges and the metacarpals
What is one example of a saddle joint?
The articulation between metacarpal 1 and the Trapezium
What is one example of a ball and socket joint?
The articulation between the scapula and the humerus
What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?
the knee
True or False: The knee contains three joints within one joint cavity
TRUE
What is the femoropatellar joint?
The articulation between the patella and the lower end of the femur
