Chapter 8 Vocab

Question 1

Behaviors that violate significant social norms.

Answer 1

Deviance

Question 2

A mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.

Answer 2

Stigma

Question 3

The social scientists who study criminal behavior.

Answer 3

Criminologists

Question 4

A theory that views deviance as a natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.

Answer 4

Strain Theory

Question 5

The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable.

Answer 5

Anomie

Question 6

Theory that explains deviance as a natural occurrence.

Answer 6

Control Theory

Question 7

Theory that explains deviance as a learned behavior.

Answer 7

Cultural Transmission Theory

Question 8

Refers to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with a deviant and nondeviant individuals; “The heart of the cultural transmission theory.”

Answer 8

Differential Association

Question 9

When people suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts.

Answer 9

Techniques of Neutralization

Question 10

A theory that focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviants.

Answer 10

Labeling Theory

Question 11

Nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority. Individuals are not considered deviants to themselves or society.

Answer 11

Primary Deviance

Question 12

This results in the individual being labeled as a deviant and accepting that label as true.

Answer 12

Secondary Deviance

Question 13

In some sort of public setting -such as a trial- the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant.

Answer 13

Degradation Ceremony

Question 14

Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and punishable by the government.

Answer 14

Crime

Question 15

The threat or actual use of violence to achieve political goals.

Answer 15

Terrorism

Question 16

Describes offenses committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.

Answer 16

White-Collar Crime

Question 17

A large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.

Answer 17

Crime Syndicate

Question 18

the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offences

Answer 18

Criminal Justice System

Question 19

The considerable power the police have to decide who is arrested for a crime.

Answer 19

Police Discretion

Question 20

The practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans.

Answer 20

Racial Profiling

Question 21

The process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.

Answer 21

Plea Bargaining

Question 22

Sanctions such as imprisonment, parole, probation, and community service that are used to punish criminals.

Answer 22

Corrections

Question 23

The term for repeated criminal behavior.

Answer 23

Recidivism

Question 24

Sociologist:
-Developed the Strain Theory
-Idea that society judges you based on success even if you didn’t have access to the proper opportunities to achieve that

Answer 24

Robert K. Merton

Question 25

Sociologist:
-Conflict Theorist
-The ruling class declares any acts that could threaten their power as deviant
-Results in the lower class having a higher rate of being caught and punished for deviant acts than their upper class counterparts

Answer 25

Richard Quinney

Question 26

Sociologist:
-Control Theorist
-Conformity is the result of self-control
-People develop social bonds in 4 ways:
1) Forming attachments
2) strong belief in the moral codes of society
3) showing commitment to social values/goals
4) fully involved in nondeviant activities
(People who lack these qualities are more likely to commit deviant acts).

Answer 26

Travis Hirschi

Question 27

Sociologist and Criminologist:
-Proposed the concept of Differential Association
-Suggested that the learning of deviant behaviors occurs in primary groups
-The difference is that deviants conform to socially unacceptable norms while conformists conform to socially acceptable ones

Answer 27

Edwin Sutherland

Question 28

Sociologist:
-Labeling Theorist (worked with HB)
-All people commit deviant acts in their lives
-Not everyone is labeled as a deviant despite committing deviant acts. due to primary and secondary deviance degrees

Answer 28

Edwin Lemert

Question 29

Sociologist:
-Labeling Theorist (worked with EL)
-All people commit deviant acts in their lives
-Not everyone is labeled as a deviant despite committing deviant acts. due to primary and secondary deviance degrees

Answer 29

Howard Becker

Question 30

Sociologist:
Coined the term “Degradation Ceremony”
-Becoming a labeled deviant acts as a master status that trumps other statuses
-Self-fulfilling prophecy- labeling and treating someone as a deviant may lead them to commit more deviant acts

Answer 30

Harold Garfinkel