Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition 101 ACHS > Chapter 8 Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins

Two Classes-

A

Fat-soluble- A,D,E,K need fat to be absorbed

Water-soluble- B vitamins, C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

B vitamins

A

thaimin, rinoflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, B-12

B-12 & B-6- stored in liver, not easily excreted in urine- water soluble but can accumulate to toxic levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two qualifications to be a vitamin

A

1) Body is unable to synthesize
compound to maintain health
2) absence from diet for a period of time produces deficiencies, unless reversed by re-introducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Megadoses

A

intake of nutrient above estimated needs to prevent deficiency or for aid in certain treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fat- Soluble Vitamins

A

Absorbed with dietary fat
Efficient absorption yields 40-90% intake
Unabsorbed fat carries fat-soluble vitamins with it to be excreted through feces (Deficiency risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

B Vitamins- broken down into free form by stomach & small intestine- absorbed by small intestine- 50/90% absorption rate by small intestine- then transported to liver via hepatic portal vein distributed to body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Factors that can destroy vitamins

A

heat, light, exposure to air, cooking in water, alkalinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Benefits of frozen veggies

A

Vegetables are harvested and immediately frozen- blanched in boiling water as part of freezing process- blanching destroys enzymes in food that degrade vitamins overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functional Foods Definition

Two Categories:

A

foods that have health benefits beyond basic nutrition needs

Zoochemical- health-promoting chemicals found in animal foods
Phytochemical- health promoting compounds found in plant foods- also serve as environmental protection for plants against UV’S, insects, predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phytochemical funtions

A

-Stimulate immune
-Reduce inflammation
prevent DNA damage and aid in DNA repair
-Reduce oxidative stress on cells
-Regulate intracellular signaling of hormones and gene expression
-Activate insulin receptors
-Inhibit initiation and proliferation of cancer and stimulate spontaneous cell death
-Alter absorption,production, metabolism of cholesterol
-Mimic or inhibit hormones and enzymes
-Decrease the formation of blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vitamin A Fun Facts

A
  • 90% stored in liver & 10% stored in adipose tissue, kidneys, lungs
  • 3 active forms: Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid- exist only in animal products
  • Retinol is stored by way of joined to a fatty acid and becomes retinyl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carotenoid Fun Facts

A
  • Precursors of Vitamin A found in plant foods
  • Categorized as phytochemicals
  • 3 forms allotted to be converted to retinol in the body: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin (all three termed: provitamin A)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamin A Functions (Immune & Epithelial Cells)

A
  • Maintains health of epithelial cells (line the external surface of the lungs, intestines, stomach, vagina, urinary tract, bladder, eyes, skin)
  • Retinoic acid: required for immature epithelial cells to mature
  • Vit A supports activity of T-Lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitamin A Functions (Vision)

A
  • Cones & Rods in the eye(retina) require Vit A to function properly- retinal (form) allows eye to adjust to dim light
  • Progressive deficiency- cells in cornea lining decrease mucus production- dry eye
  • Vitamin A deficiency- leading cause of blindness worldwide
  • Macula- part of eye responsible for most detailed, central vision- contains carotenoids: lutein & zeaxanthin- riches sources: green leafy vegetables- higher % consumed in diet lead to lower risk for age-related macular degeneration
  • Carotenoids from whole foods are preferred vs supplementation to reap health benefits- studies generally conducted on carotenoid consumption through food rather than supplementation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vitamin A Functions (Growth, Development, Reproduction)

A
  • Binds to receptors on DNA to increase synthesis for certain proteins associated with growth- fetal growth- functions in the differentiation and maturation of cells that form tissues & organs
  • Bone growth during childhood- assists with breakdown and formation of healthy bone tissue
  • Aids in sperm production
  • Needed for normal reproductive cycle in women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sources of Preformed Vitamin A

A

liver, fish, fish oils, forified milk, butter, yogurt, eggs

- 70% of American diet includes these sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sources of Proformed Vitamin A (carotentoids)

A

Dark green vegetables, yell-orange vegetables, carrots, winter squash, broccoli, mangos, sweet potatoes, peaches, apricots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamin D Two Unique Qualities

A

1) Only nutrient that is also a hormone

2) Only nutrient that can be produced in the skin from UV rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

7- dehydrocholesterol

A

Found in skin- a precursor to vitamin D- form of cholesterol that is then made into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) when exposed to uv rays on skin

20
Q

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

A

previtamin form found naturally in some animal sources- fish egg yolks

21
Q

How Vtamin D3 is made in active hormone form in the body

A

Skin: UV rays from sun activate 7-Dehydrocholesterol > makes Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) > liver: activates cholecalciferol to make 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcidiol) > Kidneys: in turn make biologically active for of Vitamin D3 (calcitrol)

22
Q

Factors that affects UVB ray absorption

A

dark skin pigment, geographic latitude, time of day, season of year, weather conditions, amount of skin covered by clothing

  • UVB absorption and synthesis of vitamin D decreases with old age > 70% by age 70
  • Dark skin pigment need 3-5x the amount of time in the sun (approx. 3-5x longer than avg. > 45 min/ 1hr)
23
Q

Functions of Vitamin D (Blood Calcium regulation)

A
  • Calcitrol: maintains normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood > Pairs with PTH (parathyroid hormone) to regulate blood calcium
  • Regulates in 3 ways:
    1) influences calcium & phosphorus absorption from small intestine
    2) Works in combo with PTH & Calcitonin to regulate calcium exretion via kidney
    3) Affects deposition/withdraw of minerals from bones
24
Q

Functions of Vitamin D (Gene Expression and Cell Growth)

A
  • Involved in gene expression and cell growth > binds to and affects cells of the immune, nervous, parathyroid, pancreas, skin, muscles, reproductive organs
  • Considered most important regulator of cell growth influencing normal development of certain cells (skin, colon, prostate, breast) adequate vitamin D can reduce risk for these cancers
25
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A
  • Low levels- small intestine only able to absorb around 10-155 calcium from diet
  • Deficiency can be traced by poor dietary intake, malabsorption, altered metabolism (e.g liver or kidney disease), inadequate sun exposure
26
Q

Rickets

A
  • When referenced in children, will present itself as bowed legs, thick wrists and ankles, curvature of spine, pigeon chest (protrutes above the sternum), skull malformations, pelvic deformities
27
Q

Osteomalacia

A
  • Adult form of rickets
  • Can result from low calcium intake, insufficient calcuim absorption in small bowel, poor conservation of calcium by the kidneys
  • Most common in people with liver, gallbladder, stomach, intestinal disease or cirrhosis of the liver
  • 400-800 IU/ day of Vitamin D supp in conjunction w/ adequate calcium from diet proves to reduce fracture risk in older adults
28
Q

Two Forms of Vitamin D

A 
Vitamin D3
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) - synthetic product from irradiation of plant sterols and used in some supps
29
Q

Food sources of Vitamin D

A
  • Fatty fish: richest source > wild-caught salmon 600-1000 IU/ 3.5 oz > farmed salmon 100-250 IU/ same amount
  • Tuna > 6oz/ 300 IU approx.
  • Egg yolk > approx 41 IU/ one large yolk
30
Q

Adolescence intake of Vitamin D

A
  • Recommended by American Academy of Pediatrics- all infants to small adolescent children take up to a minimum of 400 IU/ day
  • breast milk- poor source of vitamin D
31
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin D Toxicity

A
  • Weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, mental confusion, increased urine output
32
Q

Vitamin E Functions

A
  • 8 total forms > most potent/ biologically active : alpha- tocopherol
  • Antoxidant > principle function in humans
  • Found mainly in adipose tissue & lipid bilayers of cell membranes (mainly polyunsaturated fats)
  • Aids free radical neutralization in cell membrane by donating electrons or hydrogen to the free radical> important function for organs highly exposed to oxygen (lungs, red blood cells)

Other functions:

  • Important for muscle & nervous system development in early human development
  • Improves Vitamin A absorption when Vitamin A dietary intake is low
  • Functions in metabolism of iron in cells
33
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A
  • Higher risk for pre-term infants > have low Vitamin E stores > mother transfers to baby during late stages of pregnancy
  • Smokers high risk for deficiency
34
Q

Vitamin E Drug Interactions

A
  • Insufficient blood clotting (prolonged bleeding) risk if taken in conjunction w/ Vitamin E while taking anticoagulant medications (e.g Coumadin, heavy aspirin use)
35
Q

Vitamin K General Facts

A
  • Found in plants, plant oils, fish oils, animal products
  • Synthesized by bacteria in the colon > fulfills 10% of human requirements
  • 3 forms;
    1) phylloquinone (most abundant form from green plants)
    2) menaquinone (made by gut bacteria)
    3) menadione (synthetic form found in supps but 2x biologically available as other two forms
36
Q

Vitamin K Functions

A
  • Life and death blood clotting > serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add CO2 to various proteins that enables calcium to bind to those proteins
  • Bone health > osteoclasts depend on vitamin K for bone mineralization
37
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A
  • Newborns have sterile gut (insufficient bacteria in intestinal tract) > cannot produce enough vitamin K for effective blood clotting
  • Extended use of antibiotics > deficiency risk
  • Chronic antibiotic use destroys naturally occurring bacteria that produce vitamin K that is absorbed and used by the body
  • When fat absorption is limited
38
Q

3 Forms of Vitamin K

A

1) phylloquinone- most abundant form
2) menaquinone- synthesized by gut bacteria
3) menadione- synthetic form found in supplements

39
Q

Food sources of Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

A

green leafy veggies, broccoli, asparagus, peas

40
Q

Anemia

A
  • A decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Caused by many factors like iron deficiency and major blood loss
41
Q

Thiamin (B-1) Functions

A
  • aids in releasing energy from carbs
  • coenzyme form (TPP) participates in reactions in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is released > important in the process of the body to produce ATP by the breakdown of carbohydrates/amino acids
  • aids in chemical reactions that make RNA, DNA, and neurotransmitters
42
Q

BeriBeri

A

Thiamin deficiency disorder is characterized by weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, nervous tingles throughput body, poor leg/arm coordination, deep muscle pain in the calves

  • results when glucose can’t be metabolized to release energy due to lack of thiamin > thiamin coenzyme participates in glucose metabolism
43
Q

Riboflavin (B-2)

Functions

A
  • Coenzyme forms:
    (FAD) flavin dinucleotide & flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
    > participate in the metabolic, energy-yielding breakdown of fatty acids
44
Q

Niacin (B-3)

Functions

A
  • Functions as two compounds:
    nicotnic acid & nicitinamide
  • Niacin coenzyme: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) & nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is used in ATP generation (energy production through breakdown of carbohydrates or fats )
  • Used for over 200 enzymatic reactions in the body
45
Q

Vitamin B-6

Functions

A
  • coenzyme in over 100 reactions for amino acid and protein metabolism
  • PLP pyroxidal phosphate (B-6 coenzyme) participates in synthesis of nonessential amino acids> splits nitrogen group from an amino acid >makes available to another amino acid
  • synthesis of neurotransmitters > serotonin & gamma aminobutyric acid > tryptophan into niacin > breakdown storage of glycogen into glucose > production of white blood cells
  • plays role in homocysteine metabolism
46
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Anemia, characterized by abnormally large red blood cells

47
Q

Clinical Indications of Folate Deficiency

A
  • disrupts blood cell division> blood sample may indicate abnormally large blood cells
  • inflammation of tongue, poor growth, mental confusion, depression

Nutrition 101 ACHS (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions