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Health Psychology > Chapter 8 -using Health Services > Flashcards

Chapter 8 -using Health Services Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a main reason that different people recognize symptoms more easily?

A

Individual differences and personality

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2
Q

What are 2 types of people who may respond to symptoms more frequently?

A

Hypochondria - people who are preoccupied or worried that normal body symptoms are indicators of an illness

Neuroticism - personality marked by negative emotion, self consciousness and concern with bodily processes

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3
Q

What is the SYSTEM PERCEPTION HYPOTHESIS?

A

A theory that people who are high in neuroticism or negative affecitvity RECOGNIZE or REPORT there symptoms more frequently.

(May exxagerrate symptoms, or he more attentive)

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4
Q

what are 5 factors that influence how we interpret symptoms?

A

Individual differences and personality

Cultural differences

Situational factors

Stress

Mood

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5
Q

How do cultural differences influence Symptom recognition?

A

Symptoms arriving from a problem can be experienced differently

Chinese train ride - stomach hurts Vs. Vertigo

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6
Q

What do situational factors do?

A

Boring situation - makes more attentive

Intense physical activity - makes less attentive

MEDICAL STUDENTS DISEASE - as they study illness they imagine they have it

When attention is focused elsewhere recognition is lowered

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7
Q

How does stress affect recognition?

A

Precipitate or aggravate the experience of symptoms

  • may believe they are more vulnerable and play closer attention
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8
Q

What are 3 ways that change interpretation of symptoms?

A

Prior experience

Expectations

Seriousness of symptom

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9
Q

What does prior experience do for interpretation?

A
  • people with previous medical condition estimate it to be less serious
  • also influenced by how common it is
  • more common means less serious
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10
Q

What do expectations do?

Seriousness?

A
  1. Expecting symptoms activates brain regions associated with experience of symptoms
  2. Symptoms that affect highly valued parts are seen as more serious
    - if affects mobility, face or valued organ people will seek treatment
    - If a symptom causes pain
    - has impact on one life (hand)
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11
Q

What are illness schemes and five components?

A

Organized conceptions of illness

According to self regulatory model of illness cognitions…

Identity - it's name
Consequences - symptoms 
Causes - 
Duration - length of time
Cure - whether the person believes it can be cured
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12
Q

What are the 3 models of illness?

A

Acute illness - specific vital or bacterial agent l, short duration (flu)

Chronic illness - caused by several factors such as health habits, long duration and severe consequences (heart disease)

Cyclic illness - alternating periods (herpes)

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13
Q

What is the lay referral network?

A

An informal network of family and friends who offer their own interpretations of symptoms before any medical treatment is sought

Beneficial because it causes people to use homemade remedies and more likely to be healthy and exercise

Alternative therapies on the rise

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14
Q

What does the Internet do?

A

Lay referral network

CYBERCHONDRIA - increasing health related anxiety

Tells information about illnes and medication, etc

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15
Q

what are 5 things that predict the use of health services?

A

Age

Gender

Socio-economic

Culture

Social psychological factors

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16
Q

How does age predict use of health services?

A

Most: young children, elderly (more prone to illness, making consultations)

Least: adolescence young adult

17
Q

How does gender effect use of health systems?

A

Women use more

  • pregnancy, child birth
  • better homeostatic mechanisms
  • more sensitive to bodily disruption

Men

  • tough social image
  • economic (part time work, economic hardship due to lower health)
18
Q

What does socio economic do?

A
  • lowest income and less than high school education are less likely to see physician.
  • low income who do make then are more likely to make more
  • also go to ER more
19
Q

How does culture affect going to health care?

Social psychosocial factors?

A
  • ethnic minority more likely to see physician but not specialist
  • linguistic barriers
  1. The extent to which a person perceives it to be harmful
    - the belief that a health measure will be effective

THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEl
- depends on parents

20
Q

What does using health services for emotional disturbance do?

A
  • psychological complaints not medical
  • stem from anxiety and depression
  • purposeful or mistakenly
  1. Stress and emotional response causes physical symptoms
  2. Limited access to to mental health specialists
21
Q

What is the WORRIED WELL

A
  • concerned about physical and mental health
  • perceive minor symptoms as serious
  • believe they should take care of their own healt
22
Q

What are secondary gains?

A

Benifits of illness

  • people take care of you
  • ability to rest
  • no work
23
Q

What is delay behaviour?

A
  • living with potentially dangerous symptoms for months

3 types
Appraisal delay - the time it take an individual to decide a symptom is serious

Illness - the amount of time from illness

Behavioural delay - deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so

Medical delay - from making appontment to receives appropriate medical care

24
Q

What predicts delay in treatment?

A
  • nature of symptoms, if it similar to a treatment that was not harmful
25
Q

What is treatment and providersm delay?

A

Treatment delay - delay taking recomended treatments, put off tests, etc

Provider delay - Heath care provider delays test or treatment (more common if the person deviates from average profile)

26
Q

What is nosocomial infection?

A

Infection that results from disease Ina hospital setting

27
Q

What is the continum of treatment-related behaviours?

A

Ranges from

Screening
Care seeking
Maintenance and adherence

Health Psychology (7 decks)

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