Chapter 8 -using Health Services Flashcards
What is a main reason that different people recognize symptoms more easily?
Individual differences and personality
What are 2 types of people who may respond to symptoms more frequently?
Hypochondria - people who are preoccupied or worried that normal body symptoms are indicators of an illness
Neuroticism - personality marked by negative emotion, self consciousness and concern with bodily processes
What is the SYSTEM PERCEPTION HYPOTHESIS?
A theory that people who are high in neuroticism or negative affecitvity RECOGNIZE or REPORT there symptoms more frequently.
(May exxagerrate symptoms, or he more attentive)
what are 5 factors that influence how we interpret symptoms?
Individual differences and personality
Cultural differences
Situational factors
Stress
Mood
How do cultural differences influence Symptom recognition?
Symptoms arriving from a problem can be experienced differently
Chinese train ride - stomach hurts Vs. Vertigo
What do situational factors do?
Boring situation - makes more attentive
Intense physical activity - makes less attentive
MEDICAL STUDENTS DISEASE - as they study illness they imagine they have it
When attention is focused elsewhere recognition is lowered
How does stress affect recognition?
Precipitate or aggravate the experience of symptoms
- may believe they are more vulnerable and play closer attention
What are 3 ways that change interpretation of symptoms?
Prior experience
Expectations
Seriousness of symptom
What does prior experience do for interpretation?
- people with previous medical condition estimate it to be less serious
- also influenced by how common it is
- more common means less serious
What do expectations do?
Seriousness?
- Expecting symptoms activates brain regions associated with experience of symptoms
- Symptoms that affect highly valued parts are seen as more serious
- if affects mobility, face or valued organ people will seek treatment
- If a symptom causes pain
- has impact on one life (hand)
What are illness schemes and five components?
Organized conceptions of illness
According to self regulatory model of illness cognitions…
Identity - it's name Consequences - symptoms Causes - Duration - length of time Cure - whether the person believes it can be cured
What are the 3 models of illness?
Acute illness - specific vital or bacterial agent l, short duration (flu)
Chronic illness - caused by several factors such as health habits, long duration and severe consequences (heart disease)
Cyclic illness - alternating periods (herpes)
What is the lay referral network?
An informal network of family and friends who offer their own interpretations of symptoms before any medical treatment is sought
Beneficial because it causes people to use homemade remedies and more likely to be healthy and exercise
Alternative therapies on the rise
What does the Internet do?
Lay referral network
CYBERCHONDRIA - increasing health related anxiety
Tells information about illnes and medication, etc
what are 5 things that predict the use of health services?
Age
Gender
Socio-economic
Culture
Social psychological factors
How does age predict use of health services?
Most: young children, elderly (more prone to illness, making consultations)
Least: adolescence young adult
How does gender effect use of health systems?
Women use more
- pregnancy, child birth
- better homeostatic mechanisms
- more sensitive to bodily disruption
Men
- tough social image
- economic (part time work, economic hardship due to lower health)
What does socio economic do?
- lowest income and less than high school education are less likely to see physician.
- low income who do make then are more likely to make more
- also go to ER more
How does culture affect going to health care?
Social psychosocial factors?
- ethnic minority more likely to see physician but not specialist
- linguistic barriers
- The extent to which a person perceives it to be harmful
- the belief that a health measure will be effective
THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEl
- depends on parents
What does using health services for emotional disturbance do?
- psychological complaints not medical
- stem from anxiety and depression
- purposeful or mistakenly
- Stress and emotional response causes physical symptoms
- Limited access to to mental health specialists
What is the WORRIED WELL
- concerned about physical and mental health
- perceive minor symptoms as serious
- believe they should take care of their own healt
What are secondary gains?
Benifits of illness
- people take care of you
- ability to rest
- no work
What is delay behaviour?
- living with potentially dangerous symptoms for months
3 types
Appraisal delay - the time it take an individual to decide a symptom is serious
Illness - the amount of time from illness
Behavioural delay - deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so
Medical delay - from making appontment to receives appropriate medical care
What predicts delay in treatment?
- nature of symptoms, if it similar to a treatment that was not harmful
What is treatment and providersm delay?
Treatment delay - delay taking recomended treatments, put off tests, etc
Provider delay - Heath care provider delays test or treatment (more common if the person deviates from average profile)
What is nosocomial infection?
Infection that results from disease Ina hospital setting
What is the continum of treatment-related behaviours?
Ranges from
Screening
Care seeking
Maintenance and adherence
