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Biology Module 3 Exchange And Transport > Chapter 8 Transport In Animals 2.0 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Transport In Animals 2.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms require specialised transport systems?

A

-Multicellular organisms have a higher metabolic demand, diffusion alone would occur too slowly
-Multicellular organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio
-Molecules synthesised in one area may need to be transported to another area
-Food needs transportation for cellular respiration
-Waste products need to be removed and transported to excretory organs

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2
Q

What are the features that make up a circulatory system?

A

-Contain a liquid medium that circulates the system
-Contain vessels which carry the transport medium
-Have a pumping mechanism to move fluid around the system

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3
Q

What is a Mass transport system?

A

A transport system where substances are transported in a mass of fluid

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4
Q

What are the features of an open circulatory system?

A

Contain a heart but few vessels that carry the transport medium

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5
Q

What type of circulatory system do invertebrate (insects) have?

A

Open circulatory system

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6
Q

How does the open circulatory system of an insect function?

A

The transport medium known as the Haemolymph is pumped from the heart to the open body cavity called the Haemocoel.
In the Haemocoel, the transport medium is pumped under low pressure and comes into direct contact with tissues and cells so exchange can take place.
The Haemolymph then returns back to the heart through an open ended vessel.

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7
Q

What does Haemolymph carry?

A

Transports food, nitrogenous waste and cells involved in defence against disease.

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8
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system where the blood is enclosed in blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with cells.

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9
Q

How does the closed circulatory system function?

A

The heart pumps the blood inside blood vessels around the body under high pressure before it returns back to the heart.
During circulation, gases and small molecules are free to diffuse out of the blood via diffusion.
The blood transports mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide, the oxygen is usually carried by pigmented proteins.

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10
Q

What type of circulatory system do vertebrate have?

A

Closed Circulatory system

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11
Q

What are the three types of circulatory system that can be found in vertebrates?

A

Single circulatory system
Partial double circulatory system
Double circulatory system
(All systems are closed)

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12
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

The blood passes through the heart once per cycle

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13
Q

What type of vertebrates have single closed circulatory systems?

A

Fish

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14
Q

How does the single circulatory system in fish function?

A

Blood passes through two sets of capillaries, before returning to the heart.
Immediately after being pumped out of the heart, the blood flows through the capillaries in the gills to become oxygenated.
The blood will then flow through the next set of capillaries, exchanging substances with the rest of the body before returning back to the heart again.

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15
Q

Why is the efficiency of single closed systems limited ?

A

As blood flows through two sets of capillaries, the blood pressure becomes very low so organisms using this system tend to be relatively inactive (exception of fish)

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16
Q

Why is a single closed circulatory system efficient for fish?

A

Fish are active with a single closed circulatory system because overall they have lower metabolic demands:
-Their body weight is supported by the water
-They do not maintain their own body temperature
-They use a countercurrent exchange mechanism for efficient gas exchange

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17
Q

What is a partial double circulatory system?

A

Circulatory system that contains three vessel leading to 2 atria and 1 ventricle in the heart.
The system is at low pressure because blood flows through two networks of capillaries meaning blood is never fully oxygenated.

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18
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

The blood passes through the heart twice per cycle

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19
Q

What types of vertebrate use a partial double circulatory system?

A

Amphibians and reptiles

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20
Q

What types of vertebrates use a double circulatory system?

A

Birds and mammals

21
Q

How does a double circulatory system function?

A

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, the blood then becomes oxygenated and then returns back to the heart.
The oxygenated blood then flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body, delivering oxygen to cells before returning back to the heart again as deoxygenated blood.

22
Q

Why is a double closed circulatory system an efficient transport system?

A

Each circuit ( to lungs or body and back to the heart) of the blood only passes through one capillary network which therefore maintains a high pressure and fast flow of blood.

23
Q

What are the different structural components that make up blood vessels?

A

Elastic fibres
Smooth muscle
Collagen

24
Q

What is the function of Elastic fibres in blood vessels?

A

Provide vessel walls with flexibility as they are able to stretch and recoil.

25
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

A

Controls the flow of blood as it can change the size of the lumen by contracting and relaxing.

26
Q

What is the function of collagen in blood vessels?

A

Provides structural support to maintain shape and volume of the vessel.

27
Q

What is the function of the Arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body.
With the exception of the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

28
Q

What structural components make up the structure of the artery?

A

Collagen outer layer
Smooth Muscle
Elastic fibres
Endothelium inner layer

29
Q

How is the structure of the arteries adapted for its function?

A

-Elastic fibres enable arteries to withstand the force of blood being pumped to heart, inbetween contractions of the heart the elastic fibres recoil and return to their original length evening out the surges of blood being pumped from the heart.
-Endothelium is smooth so blood can flow easily over it
-Collagen limits the stretch of the elastic fibre to protect the artery
-Smooth muscles contracts and relaxes regulating the flow of blood

30
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Vessels which link the arteries and capillaries

31
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Constrict and dilate to control the flow of blood into organs.
Controlled via vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

32
Q

Describe the structure of the arterioles

A

Have more smooth muscle and less elastin in their walls than arteries.

33
Q

What is Vasocontriction?

A

The constriction of the smooth muscle in arterioles which reduces blood flow to the capillaries

34
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

Smooth muscles of the arterioles relaxes allowing blood to flow to capillaries

35
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Vessels which link arterioles and venules by forming an extensive network through all the tissues of the body.

36
Q

What is the function of the Capillaries?

A

Substances can be exchanged through the capillary walls between the gaps of the endothelial cells.
Small lumen means RBC have to travel single file, meaning exchange can take place effectively

37
Q

Describe the structure of Capillaries

A

Made up of a single layer of endothelial cells forming a small lumen

38
Q

How are the Capillaries adapted for their function?

A

Large surface area for diffusion of substances into and out of blood
Walls are single endothelial cell thick providing a thin surface for diffusion
Rate of blood flow falls in the capillaries, allowing more time for the exchange of substances by diffusion

39
Q

What is the function of Veins?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the body towards the heart.
With exception of pulmonary vein which carried oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.
As pressure is low, veins are adapted to maintain the flow of blood through the body.

40
Q

What structural components make up the structure of the veins?

A

Collagen outer layer
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibres
Endothelium inner layer

41
Q

What structural components make up the structure of the veins?

A

Collagen outer layer
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibres
Endothelium inner layer

42
Q

Describe the structure of the veins

A

The vein walls have more collagen
Little elastic fibre and little smooth muscle
Wide lumen made up of endothelial cells
Veins also contain valves

43
Q

Why don’t veins have a pulse?

A

Surges from the heart are lost as blood passes through the capillaries, lowering the pressure .

44
Q

How are veins adapted for their function?

A

Maintain the flow of blood through:
-Valves which prevent the back flow of blood
-Large veins run through the active muscles of the body as the muscle contractions help to push blood back to the heart.
-Breathing contractions changes pressure to move blood in the veins of the chest and abdomen back to the heart.

45
Q

Describe how valves function in veins

A

Veins have one way valves at intervals- this means the valves open when blood flows in the direction of the heart and closes to prevent blood flowing backwards

46
Q

What are Venules?

A

Link capillaries and veins

47
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the capillaries into venules

48
Q

Describe the structure of venules

A

Thin walls which have little smooth muscle

Biology Module 3 Exchange And Transport (5 decks)

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