Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Module 3 Exchange And Transport > Chapter 8 Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Transport In Animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are specialised transport systems needed in multicellular organisms?

A
  • The metabolic demands of a multicellular organism are high, so diffusion alone would occur to slowly
  • Multicellular organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio
  • Molecules synthesised in one area may need to be transported to another area
  • Food needs to be transported for cellular respiration
  • Waste products need to be removed and transported to excretory organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the common features of a circulatory system?

A

Contains a liquid transport medium that circulates the system
Contains vessels which can carry the transport medium
Contains a pumping mechanism which moves the fluid around the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a Mass transport system?

A

A transport system where substances are transported in a mass of fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system with a heart but few vessels to contain the transport medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of circulatory system do invertebrates (insects) have?

A

Open Circulatory System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the open circulatory system of an insect function?

A

The transport medium known as Haemolymph is pumped from the heart to the open body cavity called the Haemocoel.
In the Haemocoel, the transport medium is under low pressure and comes into direct contact with tissues and cells so exchange can take place.
The Haemolymph then returns back to to the heart through an open ended vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the transport medium Haemolymph carry?

A

Transports food, nitrogenous waste and cells involved in the defence against disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system where blood is enclosed in blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the closed circulatory system function?

A

The heart pumps the blood inside blood vessels around the body, under high pressure before it returns back to the heart.
During this circulation, gases and small molecules are free to diffuse out of the blood via diffusion or high hydrostatic pressure.
The blood transports mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide, of which the oxygen is usually carried by a pigmented protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three circulatory systems in vertebrates?

A

Single Circulatory system
Partial Double circulatory system
Double circulatory system
(All these systems are closed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

The blood passes through the heart only once per cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the single circulatory system function?

A

Blood passes through two sets of capillaries. Immediately after being pumped out of the heart, the blood flows through the capillaries in the gills to become oxygenated.
The blood will then flow through the next set of capillaries, delivering blood to the rest of the body before returning back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of vertebrates have single circulatory systems?

A

Fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is a single circulatory system efficient for fish?

A

Fish are able to be active with a single circulatory system because they have lower metabolic demands - their body weight is supported by water and they don’t maintain body temperature.
Additionally, they have an efficient gas exchange counter current mechanism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the disadvantages of single circulatory systems?

A

As the blood flows through two sets of capillaries, the blood pressure becomes very low so organisms that use this system have to be relatively inactive (with the exception of fish) .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a partial double circulatory system?

A

Circulatory system that contains three vessels leading to 2 atria and 1 ventricle in the heart.
Low pressure as blood flows through two networks of capillaries, this means that the blood is never fully oxygenated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

The blood passes through the heart twice per cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What types of vertebrates use a partial double circulatory system?

A

Amphibians and some reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does a double circulatory system function?

A

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, the blood then becomes oxygenated and returns back to the heart.
The oxygenated blood then flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart again as deoxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of vertebrates have a double circulatory system?

A

Birds and mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the advantage of a double circulatory system?

A

Each circuit of blood ( to the lungs/ body and back to the heart) only passes through one capillary network which means a high pressure and fast flow of blood can be maintained.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the blood confined within blood vessels or heart chambers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the lumen?

A

A hollow opening or the space inside a blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body, with the exception of the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the the heart to the lungs.

25
Q

How is the structure of the arteries adapted for its function?

A

Arteries contain elastic fibre which enable them to withstand the force of blood being pumped out the heart.
In between the contractions of the heart, the elastic fibres recoil and return to their original length helping to even out the surges of blood pumped from the heart.
The lining of the artery (endothelium) is smooth so blood flows easily over it.
Contains collagen to limit the stretch of the elastic fibre to protect the artery.
The smooth muscle contracts and relaxes regulating blood flow

26
Q

What components make up the structure of the artery?

A

Smooth muscle
Collagen
Elastic fibre
Epithelium

27
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Link arteries and capillaries
Can constrict and dilate to control the flow of blood into individual organs.
This is regulated through:
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

28
Q

What is the structure of arterioles?

A

Contain smooth muscle and less elastin in their walls than arteries

29
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

Constriction of the smooth muscle to prevent blood flowing to the capillary bed

30
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Dilation of the smooth muscle to allow blood flow to the capillary bed.

31
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries and arterioles
Capillaries
Veins and venues

32
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Link arterioles and venules by forming an extensive network through all the tissues of the body.
Exchange takes place through gaps in the capillary walls between endothelial cells.
Blood that enters the capillaries from the arterioles is oxygenated, while blood leaving the capillaries into the venules is deoxygenated.

33
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Has a small lumen (diameter 7.5-8 micrometers), this means that Red blood cells have to travel single file.

34
Q

How are the capillaries adapted for their function?

A

Provide a large surface area for the diffusion of substances into and out of the blood
Total cross sectional area of the capillary is always greater than the arterioles supplying them so rate of blood flow falls, this allows more time for the exchange of materials by diffusion.
Walls are a single endothelial cell thick, providing a thin layer for diffusion.

35
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (with the exception of the pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)

36
Q

What are the main veins?

A

Inferior Vena Cava- carries deoxygenated blood from lower parts of the body back to the heart.
Superior Vena Cava- carries deoxygenated blood from the head and upper body back to the heart.

37
Q

How are veins adapted for their function?

A

Veins are adapted to maintain the flow of blood, as the blood pressure is so low compared to arteries.
-Contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood
-Larger veins run between the are active muscles of the body as when the mules contract is pushes blood back to the heart.
-Breathing contractions of the chest changes pressure to move blood in veins of the chest and abdomen back to the heart.

38
Q

Why don’t veins have a pulse?

A

Surges from the heart pumping are lost as blood passes through the capillaries

39
Q

How do valves work in veins?

A

There are one way valves at intervals- the valves open when blood is flowing in the direction of the heart, then close to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.

40
Q

What are venules?

A

Link capillaries and veins- the deoxygenated blood is carried from capillaries into smaller veins known as venules.

41
Q

What is the structure of venules?

A

Have thin walls with little smooth muscles

42
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

Walls contain a lot of collagen with little elastic fibre.
It also has a wide lumen with a smooth thin lining of endothelium so the blood can flow easily.

43
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

Plasma
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
White blood cells

44
Q

What is plasma?

A

A yellow liquid that makes up 55% of the volume of blood, which carries components like dissolved glucose, amino acids, mineral ions, hormones and large plasma proteins like albumin.
It also transports erythrocytes, types of leucocytes and platelets.

45
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of large cells called Megakaryocytes found in red bone marrow, they are involved in the clotting mechanism of blood.

46
Q

What are the functions of the blood?

A

Transports:
-oxygen and carbon dioxide from respiring cells.
-digested food from the small intestine
-nitrogenous waste products from cells to excretory organs
-chemical messages (hormones)
-food molecules from storage compounds to cells that need them
-platelets
-cells and antibodies involved in the immune response

47
Q

What is oncoctic pressure?

A

Type of osmotic pressure induced by the plasma proteins, such as albumin, in blood vessels plasma (or lymph / blood) that’s causes a pull on fluid back into the capillary. This opposes hydrostatic pressure.

48
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Fluid that permeates the spaces between individual cells- it does not contain red blood cells.

49
Q

What components of the blood get forced out of the capillaries?

A

Small molecules are forced out of the blood to produce tissue fluid:
Water
Inorganic materials (Na+/ Cl-)
Glucose
Urea
Amino acids

50
Q

What components of the blood remains in the capillaries?

A

Erythrocytes
Leucocytes (although they are able to squeeze it when needed)
Plasma proteins

51
Q

What is lymph?

A

Modified tissue fluid that is collected in the lymph system.

52
Q

What are the adaptions of erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave shape- this increases the surface area available for diffusion of gases
Have no nuclei- this maximises the amount of haemoglobin that fits into the cells.

53
Q

What is a disadvantage of erythrocytes?

A

Short lifespan of approximately 120 days as it does not contain a nucleus

54
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Large globular conjugated protein made up of four peptide chains, each with

55
Q

What are the types of abnormal heart rhythms?

A

Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Fibrillation
Ectopic Heartbeat

56
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

When the heart is beating over 100 bpm. This is normal during exercise but abnormally fast while resting

57
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

When the heart is beating less than 60 bpm, this is common among athletes as their cardiac muscle can contract harder so fewer contractions are needed. However, if heart rate drops too low than an artificial pacemaker may need to be fitted.

58
Q

What is Fibrillation?

A

An irregular rhythm of the heart

59
Q

What is an Ectopic heartbeat?

A

This is where there is an additional heartbeat that are not in the usual rhythm. It is common to occur once a day, but if it happens more regularly is can indicate a serious health condition.

Biology Module 3 Exchange And Transport (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions