Chapter 8 Thinking, Decisions, Intelligence, and Language Flashcards
What are the two main components of thinking?
- cognition
2. intelligence
What is the difference between cognition and intelligence?
Cognition is how we think and solve problems.
Intelligence is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).
__________ is how we think and solve problems.
Cognition
____________ is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).
Intelligence
refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
problem solving
_______ problems and ______ __________ are part of problems of inducing structure.
Analogy
series completion
Problem is to find the steps is part of problems of ______________.
transformation
Analogy problem: spouse is to husband, as sibling is to?
a. uncle
b. bother
c. son
b. brother
Problem is to find the steps:
- ex. _______ ___ _____ _______
Hobbits and Orcs problem
List the barriers to problem solving
- functional fixedness
- mental set
- irrelevant information
- assuming unnecessary constraints
Which barrier to problem solving is this: a tendency to perceive an item only in the terms of its most common use
functional fixedness
Which barrier to problem solving is this: exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
mental set
List the common flaws in reasoning.
- ignoring base rates
- the conjunction fallacy
- Gambler’s fallacy
- overestimating the improbable
What is loss aversion?
people tend to assume that losses will have more impact on them than gains of equal size
IQ score indicates where you fall in the _______ __________.
normal distribution
IQ tests are good indicators of _________/_______ intelligence.
academic/verbal
IQ tests are predictive of ___________ attainment.
occupational
IQ tests are predictive of occupational __________.
attainment
How do we find evidence for hereditary influence in intelligence?
twin studies
The general consensus is that about ___% of intelligence is heritable
50
How do we find evidence for environmental influence in intelligence?
adoption studies, cumulative deprivation hypothesis, and flynn effect
What is the difference between adoption studies, cumulative deprivation hypothesis, and the flynn effect?
Adoption studies- show that siblings reared together are more similar than siblings reared apart
Cumulative deprivation hypothesis-gradual decline in IQ when raised in substandard conditions
Flynn effect: industrialized nations show an increase in IQ over time
The flynn effect could be caused by reductions in the prevalence of ___________ among children.
malnutrition
The flynn effect could be caused by increased access to ___________ and more demanding curricula in schools over the last century.
education
The flynn effect could be caused by increased access to education and more demanding _________ in schools over the last century.
curricula
some believe we have a _________ ________, the genetically determined limits of IQ
Reaction Range
Why do people with higher IQ’s tend to have better health?
they are more informed about health issues
Howard Gardner argues that IQ tests generally emphasize _______ and _____________ skills, often excluding other important skills.
verbal
mathematical
List Howard Gardner’s intelligences.
- Visual/Spatial Intelligence
- Verbal/ Linguistic Intelligence
- Logical/Mathematical Intelligence
- Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence
- Musical Intelligence
- Interpersonal Intelligence
- Intrapersonal Intelligence
- Naturalist Intelligence
Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the orientation of the body in space.
Visual/Spatial Intelligence
Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one’s own or foreign languages.
Verbal/ Linguistic Intelligence
Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic.
Logical/Mathematical Intelligence
Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities.
Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence
What is analogical representations?
Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent
What is symbolic representations?
Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical deatures of object or ideas
