Chapter 8 Thinking, Decisions, Intelligence, and Language

Question 1

What are the two main components of thinking?

Answer 1

1. cognition

2. intelligence

Question 2

What is the difference between cognition and intelligence?

Answer 2

Cognition is how we think and solve problems.

Intelligence is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).

Question 3

__________ is how we think and solve problems.

Answer 3

Cognition

Question 4

____________ is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).

Answer 4

Intelligence

Question 5

refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable

Answer 5

problem solving

Question 6

_______ problems and ______ __________ are part of problems of inducing structure.

Answer 6

Analogy

series completion

Question 7

Problem is to find the steps is part of problems of ______________.

Answer 7

transformation

Question 8

Analogy problem: spouse is to husband, as sibling is to?

a. uncle
b. bother
c. son

Answer 8

b. brother

Question 9

Problem is to find the steps:

- ex. _______ ___ _____ _______

Answer 9

Hobbits and Orcs problem

Question 10

List the barriers to problem solving

Answer 10

1. functional fixedness
2. mental set
3. irrelevant information
4. assuming unnecessary constraints

Question 11

Which barrier to problem solving is this: a tendency to perceive an item only in the terms of its most common use

Answer 11

functional fixedness

Question 12

Which barrier to problem solving is this: exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

Answer 12

mental set

Question 13

List the common flaws in reasoning.

Answer 13

1. ignoring base rates
2. the conjunction fallacy
3. Gambler’s fallacy
4. overestimating the improbable

Question 14

What is loss aversion?

Answer 14

people tend to assume that losses will have more impact on them than gains of equal size

Question 15

IQ score indicates where you fall in the _______ __________.

Answer 15

normal distribution

Question 16

IQ tests are good indicators of _________/_______ intelligence.

Answer 16

academic/verbal

Question 17

IQ tests are predictive of ___________ attainment.

Answer 17

occupational

Question 18

IQ tests are predictive of occupational __________.

Answer 18

attainment

Question 19

How do we find evidence for hereditary influence in intelligence?

Answer 19

twin studies

Question 20

The general consensus is that about ___% of intelligence is heritable

Answer 20

50

Question 21

How do we find evidence for environmental influence in intelligence?

Answer 21

adoption studies, cumulative deprivation hypothesis, and flynn effect

Question 22

What is the difference between adoption studies, cumulative deprivation hypothesis, and the flynn effect?

Answer 22

Adoption studies- show that siblings reared together are more similar than siblings reared apart

Cumulative deprivation hypothesis-gradual decline in IQ when raised in substandard conditions

Flynn effect: industrialized nations show an increase in IQ over time

Question 23

The flynn effect could be caused by reductions in the prevalence of ___________ among children.

Answer 23

malnutrition

Question 24

The flynn effect could be caused by increased access to ___________ and more demanding curricula in schools over the last century.

Answer 24

education

Question 25

The flynn effect could be caused by increased access to education and more demanding _________ in schools over the last century.

Answer 25

curricula

Question 26

some believe we have a _________ ________, the genetically determined limits of IQ

Answer 26

Reaction Range

Question 27

Why do people with higher IQ’s tend to have better health?

Answer 27

they are more informed about health issues

Question 28

Howard Gardner argues that IQ tests generally emphasize _______ and _____________ skills, often excluding other important skills.

Answer 28

verbal

mathematical

Question 29

List Howard Gardner’s intelligences.

Answer 29

1. Visual/Spatial Intelligence
2. Verbal/ Linguistic Intelligence
3. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence
4. Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence
5. Musical Intelligence
6. Interpersonal Intelligence
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence
8. Naturalist Intelligence

Question 30

Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the orientation of the body in space.

Answer 30

Visual/Spatial Intelligence

Question 31

Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one’s own or foreign languages.

Answer 31

Verbal/ Linguistic Intelligence

Question 32

Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic.

Answer 32

Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

Question 33

Which one of Gardner’s intelligences is this: Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities.

Answer 33

Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence

Question 34

What is analogical representations?

Answer 34

Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent

Question 35

What is symbolic representations?

Answer 35

Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical deatures of object or ideas