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Psychology 1010 > Chapter 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory illusion?

A

False but subjectively compelling memory

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

retention of information over time

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3
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory

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4
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

visual sensory memory

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5
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

memory system that retains information for limited durations

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6
Q

What is decay?

A

Fading of information from memory over time.

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7
Q

What is interference?

A

loss of information from memory because of competition from additional information

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8
Q

What are the two types of intereference?

A

retroactive and proactive

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9
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information.

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10
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information

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11
Q

What is the magic number?

A

The span of short-term memory: according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information

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12
Q

What is chunking?

A

organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory

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13
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory and promote the likelihood of transfer to long-term memory

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14
Q

What are the two major types of rehearsal?

A

maintenance and elaborative

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15
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

repeating stimuli in their original from to retain them in short-term memory

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16
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

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17
Q

What are the levels of processing?

A

depth of transforming information, which influences how well we remember it

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18
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences and skills

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19
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

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20
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well.

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21
Q

What is the Von Restorff effect?

A

tendency to remember stimuli that are distinctive or that stick out like sore thumbs from other stimuli

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22
Q

What is serial position effect?

A

A finding that people recall words in a list better, depending on the order of that list. Items presented early or later in a list are remembered more than those presented in the middle.

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23
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

our knowledge of facts about the world

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24
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

recollection of events in our lives

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25
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

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26
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

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27
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

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28
Q

What is priming?

A

our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

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29
Q

What is encoding?

A

process of getting information into our memory banks

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30
Q

What is a mnemonic?

A

a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

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31
Q

What is storage?

A

process of keeping information in memory

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32
Q

What is a schema?

A

organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory

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33
Q

What is retrieval?

A

reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

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34
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

hints that makes it easier for us to recall information

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35
Q

What is a recall?

A

generating previously remebered information

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36
Q

What is recognition?

A

selecting previously remmebered information from an array of options

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37
Q

What is relearning?

A

Reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten over time

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38
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A

Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

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39
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it.

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40
Q

What is context-dependent learning?

A

superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

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41
Q

What is state-dependent-learning?

A

Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological/psychological state as it was during encoding

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42
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Long-lasting strengthening of the connections between two neurons after synchronous activation

43
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memories from our past

44
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

45
Q

What is meta-memory?

A

Knowledge about our own memory abilties and limitations

46
Q

What is a flash-bulb memory?

A

Emotional memory that is extraordinary vivid/detailed

47
Q

What is source monitoring confusion?

A

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

48
Q

What is source misaatribution

A

Memory distortion that occurs when people mis remember the place,time,or circumstances involved in memory

49
Q

What are the three levels of processing of verbal information?

A

visual, phonological, semantic

50
Q

Long term memory errors tend to be _______, based on the meaning of the information received.

A

semantic

51
Q

What are the three major processes of memory?

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

52
Q

Many of our memory failures are errors of ______?

A

encoding

53
Q

Attention plays a crucial role in _______?

A

encoding

54
Q

What is the pegword method?

A

Rhyming mnemonic

55
Q

To be useful, mnemonics must be ________ a lot.

A

Practiced

56
Q

Schemas tend to __________ ___________, leading to the memory paradox.

A

Oversimplify reality

57
Q

Many types of forgetting stem from failures in __________.

A

Retrieval

58
Q

What is easier? Recall or recongnition?

A

Recongnition

59
Q

What are the three methods of measuring memory?

A

Recall, recognition, relearning

60
Q

What is the testing effect?

A

Testing oneself on information one’s learned is more effective than simply going over it repeatedly.

61
Q

H.M. suffered from what?

A

anterograde amnesia

62
Q

What is weapon focus?

A

When a crime involves a weapon, people tend to focus more on that than the perpetrators’ features.

63
Q

H.M. had the hippocampi removed. He lost the ability to make __________ but not ________ memories.

A

i. explicit

ii. implicit

64
Q

Damage to the amygdala leads to recall of _________ memory and not ________ memory fear stimulus.

A

i. episodic

ii. semantic

65
Q

Damage to the hippocampus leads to recall of _________ memory and not ________ memory of fear stimulus.

A

i. semantic

ii. episodic

66
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Learning through wathching someon else recieve consequences for doing something

67
Q

What the categories fall under observational learning?

A

Modeling,Vicarious learning

68
Q

What is Modeling?

A

Learning through imitating behaviour we see in others

69
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Act of learning to engage in behaviour or not after seeing others rewarded or punished for that action

70
Q

Which case study is associated with a patient experiencing anteregrade amnesia?

A

Case NA

71
Q

Which famous patient shows how life would be like without memory?

A

Patient Clive

72
Q

How is Patient Clive still able to play the piano?

A

He uses a different type of memory.

73
Q

Is Clive missing his explicit or implicit memory?

A

Explicit(

74
Q

Which lobe is the explicit memory system located in the brain?

A

Frontal lobe & Medial temporal lobe

75
Q

What primary function is the implicit memory system in charge of?

A

Motor Funciton

76
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

It is the site of implicit or habit learning activities (ie .. drinking, walking, eating)

77
Q

Which memory system primarily involves how things are done?

A

Implicit memory system

78
Q

Which two memory systems did clive still have?

A

Emotional and Implicit memory systems.

79
Q

What are the two types of amnesia?

A

Retrograde Amnesia and Anterograde Amnesia

80
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

Poor memory for events that occurred before brain injury, but newer memories created after the injury can be remembered.

81
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

Memory problems after brain injury. Can recall old events but not learn new ones.

82
Q

What is the Information Processing Model?

A

Encoding, storing, and retrieving information model.

83
Q

What are the two types of sensory memory systems?

A

Iconic memory system (vision) and Echoic memory system (audition/hearing)

84
Q

What are the two inner processes used in Short-Term Memory?

A

Inner Voice (recoding info into inner speech) and Inner Eye (coding info visually using images)

85
Q

How can short-term memories be prolonged?

A

Repition and elaborative rehearsal

86
Q

What are the three components leading into the Central Executive?

A

Phonological loop (hearing), Visuospatial Sketch Pad (visual/spatial), and Episodic Buffer (integrates self-info)

87
Q

What is the role of the Central Executive?

A

It coordinates all new material, directs attention, and creates long-term memory.

88
Q

What are the two systems of Long-Term Memory?

A

Explicit (declarative) memory and Implicit (non-declarative) memory.

89
Q

What is Explicit Memory?

A

Declarative memory: conscious info you can talk about.

90
Q

What is Implicit Memory?

A

Unconscious memory for learned actions.(e.g., brushing teeth,cooking)

91
Q

What are the subdivisions of Explicit Memory?

A

Episodic memory (events, specific experiences)
Semantic memory (facts, world knowledge)

92
Q

What are the subdivisions of Implicit Memory?

A

Procedral and Priming

93
Q

Explain Phonemic Encoding!

A

A form of intermediate processing that is based on the sounds of the word, and if it rhymes with something, etc…

94
Q

What is Structure Encoding?

A

Part of Shallow Processing, questions like does the word contain a specific letter? are asked

95
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Refers to what a word means and what it does, a form of deep processing.

96
Q

List 4 ways to promote elaboration.

A
  • Think about meaning
  • Notice relationships
  • Avoid rote-memorization of surface structure
  • Notice differences
97
Q

What does distinctiveness refer to in memory?

A

refers to how unique something is from other things in memory

98
Q

What are some 3 strategies to improve memory distinctiveness?

A
  • Form mental pictures
  • Space repetitions (distributed practice)
  • Consider position in the sequence
99
Q

What are some 3 strategies to improve distinctiveness?

A
  • Form mental pictures
  • Space repetitions (distributed practice)
  • Consider position in the sequence
100
Q

What are other deep processing techniques besides elaboration?

A

A: Visual Imagery and Self-Referent Encoding

101
Q

How does the organization of knowledge in long-term memory influence retrieval?

A

A: It influences what is retrieved and the speed and accuracy of retrieval.

102
Q

What are 3 examples of knowledge representations in long-term memory?

A
  1. Learned schemes and scripts
  2. Semantic networks
  3. Learned categories
103
Q

How do learned schemes and scripts enhance memory and flexible thinking?

A

A: Through repetition and variations on a theme.

104
Q

What is the encoding-retrieval match?

A

The overlap between what you think about during encoding and during retrieval, which improves performance.

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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