Chapter 8 “The Endocrine System” Flashcards by Sabah Nassiri

What is the triangular shaped glands located above each kidney that secretes hormones that aid in metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress reactions; each glands consists of an outer part called the adrenal cortex, and an inner part called the adrenal medulla.

Adrenal glands; Suprarenal glands

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What is the part of the brain located near the pituitary gland that secretes releasing hormones that control the release of other hormones by the pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

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What is the endocrine cells inside the pancreas that secrete hormones (glucagon and insulin) that aid carbohydrate (sugar) metabolism.

Islets of Langerhans

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What is the paired female reproductive organs that produce hormones and release oocytes (eggs cells)

Ovaries

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What are the four small glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid land that regulate calcium and the phosphorus levels in the bloodstream.

Parathyroid Glands

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What is the small, cone-shaped gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin, which affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction.

Pineal Glands; pineal body

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What is the pea sized gland located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; also known as the “master gland”; divided into anterior and posterior lobes.

Pituitary gland

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What is the male-reproductive glands, located in scrotum, that produce sperm and testosterone.

Testes; Testicles

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What is the gland in the mediastinum (membranous partition in the thoracic cavity) that secretes thymus in, a hormone that regulates the immune system.

Thymus gland

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What is the bilobed gland located in the neck that secretes thyroid hormones that is needed for cell growth and metabolism; the largest endocrine gland; has two lobes connected by a tissue called the isthmus.

Thyroid gland

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What targets the adrenal cortex; stimulates secretion of corticosteroids.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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What targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and testosterone in males.

Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)

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What targets bones and other tissues; stimulates protein synthesis and body growth

Growth Hormone (GH)

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What targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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What targets the breast tissue; stimulating milk production

Prolactin

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What targets the kidneys; stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); vasopressin in the Posterior Pituitary Gland

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What targets the uterus and breasts; stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from breasts

Oxytocin (OXT) in the posterior pituitary gland

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what affects the sleep cycle and reproduction

Melatonin in the pineal gland

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What is the hormone that regulates metabolism by increasing metabolic rate

Thyroxine (T4) from the Thyroid gland

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What is the hormone that regulates metabolism; similar to thyroxine but has greater potency

Triiodothyronine (T3) from the thyroid gland

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What regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands

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What is secreted by alpha cells; regulates blood glucose levels ; increases blood glucose by promoting breakdown of glycogen (stored sugar) to glucose

Glucagon from the Islets of langerhans

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Whaat is secreted by beta cells; regulates blood glucose levels; decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose use by cells

Insulin from Islets of Langerhans

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What regulates immune response

Thymosin from the thymus gland

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What regulates electrolytes (sodium and potassium)

Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

What aids in metabolism and also aids the body in stress

Cortisol from the Adrenal cortex

What aides the body during stress and increase blood pressure

Norepinephrine; noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla

What aides the body during stress, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and causes relaxation of bronchial airways

Epinephrine; adrenaline from the adrenal medulla

What affects the development of the female sexual organs an the secondary sexual characteristics; regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Estrogen from the ovaries

What stimulates the uterus in preparation for and maintenance o pregnancy

Progesterone from the ovaries

What affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics

Testosterone from the testes

Pertaining to the cortex

Cortical

Reduced inside the body

Endogenous

Normal thyroid

Euthyroid

Produced outside of the body

Exogenous

All physical and chemical changes that occur in the tissues

Metabolism

Pertaining to the pancreas

Pancreatic

After a meal

Postprandial

Pertaining to the thymus gland

Thymic

Abnormal low blood pH

Acidemia

Pathological caused by excessive growth hormone secretion in adulthood causing thick bones in the extremities, especially the hands and feet

Acromegaly

Disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient cortisol; characterized by skin darkening, weakness, and loss of appetite

Addison disease

Inflammation of a lymph node or gland

Adenitis

Enlargement of a gland

Adenomegaly

Inflammation of an adrenal gland

Adrenalitis

Enlargement of an adrenal gland

Adrenomegaly

Disease of the adrenal gland

Adrenopathy

Abnormally high blood pH

Alkalemia

Disorder in which normal tissue is destroyed by the body’s own immune system response

Autoimmune Disease

Deficiency of calcium in tissues and body fluids

Calcipenia

Condition that is present at birth and is caused by hormone deficiency due to an absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland; leads to mental deficiency and dwarfism (formerly known as cretinism)

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands; characterized by fat pads in the chest and abdomen and a “moon face” appearance

Cushing Syndrome

Disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and excessive thirst

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance causing poor carbohydrate metabolism and high blood glucose levels

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood; patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes caused by a lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older adults; patients usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Excessive ketones 9compounds produced during fat metabolism) in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Disease of an endocrine gland

Endocrinopathy

Protruding or building of eyes from their sockets

Exophthalmos

Disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion before puberty; characterized by abnormally long bones

Gigantism; giantism

Glucose (sugar) in the urine

Glucosuria; glycosuria

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Graves’ disease

Condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone, causing goiter and exophthalomos.

Graves’ disease

Autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis

Hashimoto thyroiditis; hashimotos disease

Excessive hair growth or hair growth in unusual places, especially in women.

Hirsutism

High levels of calcium in the blood

Hyprcalcemia

High levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood

Hyperglycemia

Excessive hormone production by the parathyroid gland

Hyperparathyroidism

Excessive hormone production by the thyroid gland

Hyperthyroidism

Low levels of the calcium in the blood

Hypocalcemia

Low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood

Hypoglycemia

Low levels of potassium in the blood

Hypokalemia

Low levels of sodium in the blood

Hyponatremia

Deficient hormone production by the parathyroid gland

Hypoparathyroidism

Deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism

Excessive ketones (compounds produced during fat metabolism) in the blood.

Ketosis

Severe hypothyroidism in an adult, characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness.

Myxedema

Inflammation of the pancreas

Pancreatitis

Excessive thirst

Polydipsia

Excessive and frequent urination

Polyuria

Spasms of nerves and muscles de to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by deficient production of parathyroid hormone

Tetany

Inflammation of the thyroid gland

Thyroiditis

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Thyroiditis

Condition of excessively high levels of thyroid hormone (either endogenous or exogenous)

Thyrotoxicosis

Which condition involves excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone, causing goiter and exophthalmos?

Graves’ disease

Which hormone aides in metabolism and aids the body during stress?

Cortisol