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Linux > Chapter 8 Study Cards > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Accelerated-X

A

The commercial Accelerated-X server from Xi Graphics (http://www.xig.com) is an alternative to the open source XFree86 and X.org-X11. In practice, running Accelerated-X is seldom necessary, but if you have problems getting your video card working, you may want to look into Accelerated-X; its driver base is independent of the more popular open source choices, so it’s possible you’ll have better luck with it. The Accelerated-X configuration tools and files are completely different from those described in “Methods of Configuring X” and “X Configuration Options,” so you’ll need to consult its documentation for help. The rest of this Lesson’s topics still apply to Accelerated-X.

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2
Q

Bitmap Fonts

A

The simplest type of font format is the bitmap font, which represents fonts much like bitmap graphics, in which individual pixels in an array are either active or inactive. Bitmap fonts are fairly easy to manipulate and display, from a programming perspective, which makes them good for low-powered computers.

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3
Q

Client

A

A program that initiates data transfer requests using networking protocols.
A computer that runs one or more client programs.

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4
Q

Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)

A

A printing system for Linux and other Unix-like systems. CUPS adds several features that had been missing from the earlier BSD, LPD, and LPRng printing systems.

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5
Q

CUPS

A

A printing system for Linux and other Unix-like systems. CUPS adds several features that had been missing from the earlier BSD, LPD, and LPRng printing systems.

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6
Q

Data Display Channel (DDC)

A

A protocol that enables a computer to query a monitor for its maximum horizontal and vertical refresh rates and other vital statistics.

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7
Q

DDC

A

A protocol that enables a computer to query a monitor for its maximum horizontal and vertical refresh rates and other vital statistics.

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8
Q

Desktop environment

A

A set of programs that provide a friendly graphical environment for a Linux user.

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9
Q

Font server

A

A program that provides font bitmaps to client programs on the same or other computers. The font server may work directly from font bitmaps, or it may generate the bitmaps from outline fonts such as PostScript Type 1 or TrueType fonts.

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10
Q

Font smoothing

A

A technique for rendering fonts that uses shades of gray along curved or angled edges in order to improve the legibility and aesthetic appeal of individual characters.

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11
Q

HTTP

A

A protocol used for transferring Web pages from a Web server to a Web browser.

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12
Q

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

A

A protocol used for transferring Web pages from a Web server to a Web browser.

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13
Q

Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)

A

A protocol for printing on a network. Used by CUPS on Linux.

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14
Q

IPP

A

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Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)
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A protocol for printing on a network. Used by CUPS on Linux.

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15
Q

Keyboard

A

An input device having many keys marked with letters and other symbols.

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16
Q

Locale

A

In Linux, a locale is a way of specifying the computer’s (or user’s) language, country, and related information for purposes of customizing displays.

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17
Q

Mode Lines

A

Definition of the timings required by particular video resolutions running at particular refresh rates.

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18
Q

Mouse

A

An input device which allows pointing to, selecting and activating objects, usually displayed in a graphical user interface.

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19
Q

Multi-Head Display

A

A display that’s made up of two or more physical monitors that together show a wider view on a larger virtual workspace.

20
Q

Open source

A

A broad set of software licenses, or the software that uses them, that permits redistribution and copying under liberal terms. The open source definition is somewhat broader than that of free software.

21
Q

Outline Fonts

A

Most modern fonts are distributed as outline fonts (aka scalable fonts). This type of format represents each character as a series of lines and curves in a high-resolution matrix. The computer can scale this representation to any font size or for any display resolution, enabling a single font file to handle every possible use of the font.

22
Q

PCL

A

A language developed by Hewlett-Packard for controlling printers. (Many of Hewlett-Packard’s competitors now use PCL.) PCL is most commonly found on mid-range laser printers, but some ink-jet printers also support the language. Several PCL variants exist, the most common ranging from PCL 3 to PCL 6.

23
Q

PostScript

A

A programming language used on many high-end printers. PostScript is optimized for displaying text and graphics on the printed page. The Linux program Ghostscript converts from PostScript to bitmapped formats understood by many low-end and mid-range printers.

24
Q

PostScript Printer Definition (PPD)

A

A configuration file that provides information on a printer’s capabilities-its paper size, whether it prints in color, and so on.

25
Q

PostScript Type 1

A

An outline font format associated with PostScript but usable under Linux with or without a PostScript printer. See TrueType.

26
Q

PPD

A

A configuration file that provides information on a printer’s capabilities-its paper size, whether it prints in color, and so on.

27
Q

Print queue

A

A storage place for files waiting to be printed.

28
Q

Printer Control Language (PCL)

A

A language developed by Hewlett-Packard for controlling printers. (Many of Hewlett-Packard’s competitors now use PCL.) PCL is most commonly found on mid-range laser printers, but some ink-jet printers also support the language. Several PCL variants exist, the most common ranging from PCL 3 to PCL 6.

29
Q

Printer driver

A

A software component that converts printable data generated by an application into a format that’s suitable for a specific model of printer. In Linux, printer drivers usually reside in Ghostscript, but some applications include a selection of printer drivers to print directly to various printers.

30
Q

Smart filter

A

A program, run as part of a print queue, that determines the type of a file and passes it through appropriate programs to convert it to a format the printer can handle.

31
Q

True Type

A

A font format developed by Apple and dominant in the Mac OS and Windows worlds. TrueType support in Linux is provided by certain font servers, by XFree86 4.x, by X.org-X11, and by Xfs. See also PostScript Type 1.

32
Q

Unicode

A

A standard for representing text in numerous alphabets and other writing systems. See also Unicode Transformation Format (8-bit).

33
Q

Unicode Transformation Format (8-bit)

A

A variable-length encoding format for Unicode. UTF-8 is slowly supplanting ASCII as a standard encoding method.

34
Q

Username

A

The name associated with an account, such as theo or emilyn. Linux usernames are case sensitive and may be from 1 to 32 characters in length, although they’re usually entirely lowercase and no longer than 8 characters.

35
Q

UTF-8

A

A variable-length encoding format for Unicode. UTF-8 is slowly supplanting ASCII as a standard encoding method.

36
Q

Window manager

A

A program that provides decorative and functional additions to the plain windows provided by X. Linux supports dozens of window managers.

37
Q

X

A

The X Window System: a graphical user interface originating at MIT and having several variations.

38
Q

X core fonts

A

Fonts managed by the X server.

39
Q

X Display Manager Control Protocol (XDMCP)

A

A protocol for managing X connections across a network. XDMCP is also used for displaying a local GUI login screen for Linux workstations. Common XDMCP servers for Linux include the X Display Manager (XDM), the GNOME Display Manager (GDM), and the KDE Display Manager (KDM).

40
Q

X logical font description (XLFD)

A

A format for describing X core fonts. Programs use the XLFD when telling X to display a font, and the XLFD also appears in X core font configuration files.

41
Q

X server

A

A program that implements X for a computer; especially the component that interacts most directly with the video hardware.

42
Q

X.org-X11

A

In 2004, most Linux distributions shifted from XFree86 to X.org-X11 because of licensing changes to XFree86. X.org-X11 6.7.0 was based on XFree86 4.3.99, but it’s developed independently up to the current version, 7.7. Because X.org-X11 is based on XFree86, the two are virtually identical in most important respects. One significant difference is the name of the configuration file; another is the default location for fonts.

43
Q

XDMCP

A

A protocol for managing X connections across a network. XDMCP is also used for displaying a local GUI login screen for Linux workstations. Common XDMCP servers for Linux include the X Display Manager (XDM), the GNOME Display Manager (GDM), and the KDE Display Manager (KDM).

44
Q

XFree86

A

The dominant X server in Linux until 2004 was XFree86. This open source server supports a wide array of video cards and input devices, and most Linux software was originally designed with XFree86 in mind.

45
Q

XLFD

A

A format for describing X core fonts. Programs use the XLFD when telling X to display a font, and the XLFD also appears in X core font configuration files.

Linux (8 decks)

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