Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 2514 > Chapter 8 Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use dermatomes and myotomes for?

A

Each of the area is innervated by different sensory and motor fibres. That way when were testing about sensation and movement, we have a general sense of where the injury are and what level of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is dermatomes

A

Area of skin innervated (to supply nerves to) by sensory fibres of a dorsal (top) route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are myotomes?

A

Muscles group innervated (to supply nerve to) by motor neurons of a ventral (bottom) route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the purpose of vertebral column (3)

A
  • protects the spinal cord
  • Supports head
  • Provides flexibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does each vertebrae have?

A

Each vertebrae has a central opening through which spinal cord passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many individual vertebrae is there?

A

33 individual vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the 33 individual vertebrae

A 
7 - cervical 
12- thoracic 
5 - lumbar 
5- sacral 
4- coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Spinal Cord Injury?

A

Distruption in neuronal tissue within spinal canal as a result of trauma, infection, disease, or degeneration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common causes of spinal cord injuries

A
  • Motor vehicle collisions
  • Motorcycle crashes
  • falls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of Spinal cord injuries are results of trauma?

A

84%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is Spinal Cord injury classified as? (3)

A

1) mechanism of injury
2) Level of injury
3) Completeness/ degree of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the two phases of Spinal Cord injury?

A

1) Primary

2) Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is primary injury?

A

initial trauma and immediate tissue destruction that happens when spinal cord is fractured or dislocated, the axons, blood vessels and cell membranes of spinal cord are disrupted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is secondary phase injury

A

A whole bunch of vascular, cellular, and biochemical events that begins within few minutes after injury and continuous for weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of secondary phase injury (7)

A
  • Edema
  • Inflammation
  • Ischemia
  • Cytotoxicity
  • Oxidative damage
  • Necrosis
  • Apoptosis ( cell committing own death)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which region of the spinal cord is the most threatening when it swells? why?

A
  • The cervical region.

- Because cervical spine affects respiratory (closest to the brain steam)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of Injury

A

1) Flexion Injury
2) Hyperextension Injury
3) Compression Fracture
4) Rotational Forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is flexion Injury

A

Rupture of posterior ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Hyperextension Injury

A

Rupture of anterior ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Compression Fractures

A

Vertebrae and Forces fractures into the spinal cord ex. Shallow Dive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is rotational Forces (4)

A
  • worst type of spinal injury because it leaves a highly unstable spine
  • Displacement of Vertebrae
  • ligaments that stabilize are torn all around.
  • Associated with lots of neurological deficits and issues neurologically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Levels of injury plays a big factor in?

A

The function of the patient afterwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 levels of injuries?

A

1) Skeletal level

2) Neurological Level

24
Q

What does the level of Injury determines?

A

Determines the manifestations, and what it’s going to look like.

25
Q

what is skeletal level of injury?

A

The vertebrae level where damage to bones and ligaments is most extensive

26
Q

What is neurological Level of Injury?

A

The lowest segments of spinal cord at which both sensory and motor function are normal bilaterally

27
Q

What are the two neurological level of injury?

A

Tetraplegia and Paraplegia

28
Q

What is tetraplegia?

A

Paralysis and loss of sensation of both arms, legs, and trunk, occurs with damage at C8 and above.

29
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Paralysis and loss of sensation of both legs and trunk, occurs with damage at T1 and T6

30
Q

Above C4 damage

A
  • total loss of respiratory muscle function

- Patient will need ventilator to breath

31
Q

Above T6 damage

A
  • Cardiovascular changes (Bradycardia/hypotension)

- SNS innovates thoracic vertebrae/spinal cords

32
Q

what are the two degree of injury?

A

Complete and Incomplete

33
Q

What is complete injury?

A

Total loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury

34
Q

What is incomplete injury?

A
  • Mixed loss of sensory and motor function

- Spinal Cord is not completely severed

35
Q

example of conditions involving incomplete injury include: (Not tested on any of these conditions)

A
  • central cord syndrome
  • anterior cord syndrome
  • Brown-Sequard syndrome
  • Posterior cord syndrome
  • Cauda Equina syndrome
36
Q

Compare and contrast primary and secondary injury

A

Primary - Initial trauma and immediate tissue destruction that happens when spinal cord is fractured or dislocated.
Secondary - Whole bunch of vascular, cellular, and biochemical events that begins within few minutes after injury and continuous for weeks.

37
Q

Describe the 4 main mechanism of spinal cord

A

1) Flexion injury - rupture posterior ligament
2) Hyperextension - rupture of anterior ligament
3) Compression Fractures - Vertebrae forces fractures into the spinal cord
4) Rotational Forces - ligaments that stabilize are torn all around.

38
Q

Clinical Manifestations are related to?

A

level and degree of injury

39
Q

What are the clinical manifestations (Systems) of SCI? (7)

A
  • Respiratory system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Urinary system
  • GI system
  • Integumentary system
  • Temperature regulation
  • DVT
40
Q

which injury requires ventilation?why?

A
  • C4 and above

- due to not having respiratory muscle function

41
Q

which injury DOES NOT requires ventilation?why?

A
  • C4 and below

- Patient can breath and allows for diaphragmatic breathing

42
Q

What is the problem with diagpragmatic breathing?

A
  • it might not be enough which could result in hypoventilation because the intercostal muscles are not able to generate bigger breaths
  • not enough tidal volume ( lungs is not expanded properly)
43
Q

What happens in cervical and thoracic level damage

A
  • abdominal and intercostal muscles are affected
  • -can affect coughing ( can cause pneumonia, aspiration and analectasis)
  • Tracheostomy can be put on
44
Q

How does it affect the cardiovascular system? Where

A
  • Above T6 injury
45
Q

How does it affect the cardiovascular system? (3)

A
  • Above T6 affects the influence the SNS
  • -Injuries T1-T5 enervates by sympathetic fibres that regulates the HR and blood pressure
  • Above T6 results in Brady cardia, and peripheral vasodilation which results in hypotension and affects CO (Low BP)
46
Q

How does it affect urinary system?

A
  • Urinary retention due to muscle and motor control being affected.
47
Q

How is GI system affected?

A
  • GI system is affected because of hypo-motility sensation
  • Abdominal muscles is not working –> develops paralytic Ilias and gastric distention
  • Affect bowel movements and needs to be on bowel regimen and disimpaction.
  • Can develop stress ulcers ( due to stress of injury )
48
Q

What do we use to reduce inflammation, reduce/ prevent edema or reduce effects of secondary injury ?

A

Steroids

49
Q

How is Integumentary system affected?

A
  • skin breakdown due to lack of movement and lack of sensation
  • Person cannot feel pain
50
Q

Which injury causes impaired temperature regulation

A
  • cervical and high thoracic spinal cord injuries
51
Q

Patient thats having trouble regulating body temperature develops what?

A

Poikilothermia

52
Q

What is poikilothermia?

A
  • adjustment of the body’s temperature to room temperature because the body cannot regulate
  • Signal from body to the hypothalamus is not getting up to “highway” to the hypothalamus
53
Q

what do people with poikilothermia cannot do?

A
  • Shiver or sweat
54
Q

Poikilothermia can cause?

A

Hypothermia or hyperthermia

55
Q

Why does DVT occur

A
  • Due to immobility and sedentary state (hypercuagulation)

- patients blood pools ( from vasodilation) which increases the risk for clotting

56
Q

Which manifestations should you prioritize the most?

A
  • Respiratory manifestations because patient might not be able to breath

NURS 2514 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions