Chapter 8 - Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Understand how preschoolers perceive their skills and abilities.

Answer 1

they perceive their skills through self-conception and self-esteem.
Self-conception - evaluative judgements in areas such as sports, physical appearance, and cognitive ability.
Self-esteem - a global assessment of self-worth.

Question 2

How do attachment relationships influence internal working models of the self?

Answer 2

Internal working model - the child-parent relationship will influence the security of the child.
If parent is “good”, child feels secure and worthy of love.
If parent is “bad”, opposite happens.

Question 3

What is a narrative and how does it influence the child’s emerging sense of self?

Answer 3

family stories play a role in children’s developing sense of self. children acquire knowledge about their culture-what people consider worth learning and remembering, what different events mean, and so on.

Question 4

What factors are involved in emotional regulation?

Answer 4

emotional regulation - ability to inhibit, enhance, maintain, and modulate emotional arousal to accomplish a goal.
effortful control - told to not to do things (don’t touch something), and told to do others (pick up toys), this teaches them to think about others’ and their own feelings without being overwhelmed by emotional reaction. Lack of control = striking out at people/things (externalizing problems).

Question 5

Be able to define prosocial and antisocial behavior.

Answer 5

Prosocial - voluntary actions to benefit others.

Antisocial - opposite.

Question 6

What factors are related to the development of prosocial behavior in early childhood?

Answer 6

Cultural values
Intrinsic motivation
Attachment
Emotional regulation
Effortful control
Experiences in child care

Question 7

Be familiar with trends in gender differences in aggressive behavior.

Answer 7

males more physically aggressive than females, but females use relational aggression (aggressive behavior designed to lower another’s self-esteem, social-standing, or both).

Question 8

What is a gender schema?

Answer 8

a mental network of beliefs and expectations about males vs. females.

Question 9

How do peer relationships begin to develop in early childhood?

Answer 9

simple - play side by side without collaboration
associative - create stories/scripts for their actions
cooperative - create scripts and play that role

Question 10

Understand the development of gender roles.

Answer 10

By 2 1/2 most children can label themselves and others by sex, which is the beginning of gender identity.
from 6-7, they understand gender constancy- that gender is permanent and immutable.