Chapter 8: Skeleton & Bones

Question 1

There are approximately how many bones in the human body.

Answer 1

206 bones

Question 2

Bones grow till what age

Answer 2

until the age of 22

Question 3

Functions of bones

Answer 3

Support- gives body its framework, Protection, Movement- bones with joints, Mineral storage- major storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals, hematopoiesis-blood cell formation in the myeloid tissue.

Question 4

Dense and solid in appearance

Answer 4

compact bone

Question 5

characterized by open space partially filled with lattice of thin branched structures supporting the soft tissue

Answer 5

cancellous bone

Question 6

The main shaft of the bone, hollow and cylindrical shape, and thick compact bone provide strong support.
Contains compact bone

Answer 6

Diaphysis

Question 7

Both ends of a long bone, made of cancellous bone filled with marrow, bulbous shape, provide attachments for muscles and stability to joints
bone growth

Answer 7

epiphysis

Question 8

The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone. Red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis, the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone. When the bone stops growing in early adulthood (approximately 18–21 years), the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line.

Question 9

Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphyses’, cushion jolts and blows

Answer 9

Articular Cartilage

Question 11

Dense, white fibrous membrane that covers the bone
attaches tendons firmly to bones
contains cells that form and destroy bone
contains blood vessels important in growth and repair
contains blood vessels that send branches into bone
essential for bone cell survival and bone formation

Answer 11

Periosteum

Question 12

located in the perichondrium, are cells that play an important role in the development of cartilage.
create the main component that provides structure and strength to cartilage

Answer 12

chondroblasts

Question 13

Endosteum

Answer 13

thin fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Question 14

It produces blood cells and later becomes responsible for storing fat and certain stem cells.

Answer 14

Bone Marrow

Question 15

Red Bone Marrow

Answer 15

Helps produce red blood cells

Question 16

Yellow Bone Marrow

Answer 16

helps store fat

Question 17

the hollow central space found within the shaft (diaphysis) of long bones
Houses bone marrow

Answer 17

Medullary Cavity

Question 18

a thin fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity. Also lines the spaces of spongy bone

Answer 18

Endosteum

Question 19

the extracellular matrix of bone or bone matrix

Answer 19

inorganic salts and organic matrix

Question 20

composite of collagenous fibers and an amorphous mixture of protein and polysaccharides

Answer 20

Ground substance

Question 21

the most distinctive form of connective tissue. extracellular components are hard and calcified
Made up of minerals

Answer 21

bone tissue/osseous tissue

Question 22

anything that has a blood supply-

Answer 22

heals well

Question 23

where is calcium stored in the body?

Answer 23

bones

Question 24

why do we need calcium?

Answer 24

muscles to contract, signal transmission of nerves

Question 25

in the compact bone
contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called
permits delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products from imprisoned bone cells

Answer 25

osteons or Haversian systems

Question 26

runs lengthwise with the bones blood vessels; arteries and veins
Nutrients and oxygen move through the canal

Answer 26

osteonal canal or Haversian canals

Question 27

parallel to the Haversian canals; runs transversally
contains nerves and vessels that carry blood

Answer 27

transverse or Volkmann canal

Question 28

there are no osteons in the cancellous bones instead it has bony branches called
enhances a bone’s strength

Answer 28

trabeculae

Question 29

direction of the stress created by the weight of the body

Answer 29

pushing down

Question 30

bones need mechanical strength because

Answer 30

it makes it stronger

Question 31

if you don’t put pressure on bones, bones start to become
More pressure of the bone makes it-

Answer 31

weaker
stronger

Question 32

types of bone cells

Answer 32

osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
osteoclasts (bone-reabsorbing cells)
osteocytes (mature bone cells)

Question 33

small cells that synthesize and secrete an organic matrix called osteoid
bone-forming cells

Answer 33

osteoblasts

Question 34

responsible for the active erosion of the bone minerals
bone-eroding cells

Answer 34

osteoclasts

Question 35

mature, nondividing osteoblasts that have surrounded the matrix and now lie within the lacunae

Answer 35

osteocytes

Question 36

type of soft, diffuse connective tissue
the bone marrow

Answer 36

myeloid tissue

Question 37

As an infant or child, all bones contain red marrow but as a person ages, the red marrow is gradually replaced by yellow marrow
Yellow marrow can be altered into red marrow if there’s decrease of blood supply

Answer 37

the increasing population of adipocytes begins to replace hemopoietic stem cells

Question 38

if the bone marrow is severely diseased or damaged

Answer 38

bone marrow transplant

Question 39

the formation of bone/bone growth
continues until about age twenty-five; although this varies slightly based on the individual
There are two types of bone ossification, intramembranous and endochondral

Answer 39

ossification also known as osteogenesis.

Question 40

Parathyroid gland

Answer 40

produces PTH

Question 41

the idea that naturally healthy bones will adapt and change to adapt to the stress that it is subjected to.
For example, if the bones are subjected to heavier and heavier loads, they will naturally reconstruct themselves to accommodate that weight. This is how bones typically respond to stress.

Answer 41

Wolff’s Law

Question 42

fx

Answer 42

fracture

Question 43

forms as part of the normal healing process after a bone fracture. It develops at the site of the fracture, around 2 to 6 weeks after the bone is broken.
This is similar to the endochondral formation of bone when cartilage becomes ossified; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone matrix are present.

Answer 43

bony callus

Question 44

when your bones are weaker than normal but not so far gone that they break easily, which is the hallmark of osteoporosis.

Answer 44

osteopenia

Question 45

is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body that link an animal’s skeletal system into a functional whole.

Answer 45

articulation or articular surfaces

Question 46

cells that play an important role in the development of cartilage. By producing an extracellular matrix, it creates the main component that provides structure and strength to cartilage.
cartilage cells

Answer 46

chondroblasts