Chapter 8 Retrieval

Question 1

Mangels

Answer 1

Amnesiacs worse at remembering names of famous people, even with cues
But could pick correct famous names when presented to them for recognition
Damage to PFC hinders recall even for very well learned info

Question 2

Retrieval cues

Answer 2

Info allowing retrieval of memory
Traces are linked up to one another by associations - cat/dog - iguana has weaker association
Any aspect of content of memory can access the memory: content addressable memory

Question 3

Spreading activation

Answer 3

Each memory has internal state of its own, reflecting how excited or active it is
Higher levels of activation reflect greater accessibility

Question 4

Pattern completion

Answer 4

The process by which spreading activation from a set of cues leads to the reinstatement of a memory’s features

Question 5

Cue-specification

Answer 5

The cognitive control process that specifies what we are trying to remember, inc retrieval strategy

Question 6

Cue-maintenance

Answer 6

In WM

Means concentrating on cues intently

Question 7

Interference resolution processes

Answer 7

Help to overcome interference from competing memories when looking for a cue
Disrupted by damage to PFC

Question 8

Post-retrieval monitoring

Answer 8

For products of search

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

Cortical reinstatement of the pattern of neural activity present at time of initial experience

Question 10

Cues

Answer 10

Retrieval less effective if cues present but not attended to or not attended to enough
Removing attn from cues by giving secondary task during retrieval

Question 11

Fernandes

Answer 11

Giving secondary task during retrieval removes attn from cues
Asked ppl to recall lists of words while making judgments about items on computer screen

Question 12

Craik

Answer 12

Dividing attn reduces retrieval even when task completely unrelated

Question 13

Rohrer

Answer 13

Interfering effects of unrelated tasks grow when task is more demanding
Dividing attn at retrieval less disruptive to how much is recalled than dividing attn at encoding
Retrieval can proceed with less attn compared to encoding (Baddeley)

Question 14

Effects of divided attn

Answer 14

Disruptive effects larger on recall than recog tests because recog provide cues for accessing trace

Question 15

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 15

For a cue to be useful it needs to be present at encoding and encoded with desired trace
Tulving
Presented words for recall
Each target accompanied by cue that had weak assoc with word to be retained
Chair-glue
Cue words increased recall
Although table is an associate, it wouldn’t be as good a cue as glue because it wasn’t presented during encoding

Question 16

Badre

Cognitive control processes to facilitate retrieval

Answer 16

When cue-target association weak, ppl use cognitive retrieval processes to facilitate retrieval
Anterior L inferior PFC activated more when weakly associated halo chosen to go with candle instead of flame
Also applies to episodic memory retrieval

Question 17

Rubin

Cues

Answer 17

Combining cues from semantic and rhyme affects likelihood of generating memory
Mythical being and rhymes with post = ghost
Useful to encode info elaborately

Question 18

Wagner

Higher frequency words better recalled based on how effectively people engage hippocampus during encoding

Answer 18

Subsequent memory effect

Usually in medial temp lobes

Question 19

Anderson

Retrieval strategy

Answer 19

Retrieval strategy matters
Homebuyer vs burglar perspective - items recalled from story biased towards relevant things
Those adopting different perspective recalled more items relevant to the new perspective
Retrieval strategy is cue specification
Suffers with PFC damage

Question 20

Tulving

Frame of mind

Answer 20

We have to be in right frame of mind or retrieval mode to recollect our past
Cognitive set that orients a person towards the act of retrieval, ensuring that stimuli are interpreted as retrieval

Question 21

Context cues

Answer 21

Retrieval cues that specify aspects of the conditions under which a desired target was encoded, including time/location

Question 22

Herron

Judgment

Answer 22

episodic/semantic memory trials
Each word preceded by judgment type cue
Brain activity during cue period showed neural patterns getting ready for retrieval
More activity over R front cortex - attnl control - when people preparing to retrieve than when they were preparing to make a semantic judgment

Question 23

Direct tests
Explicit memory
Schacter

Answer 23

Context is cue
Free recall relies on context most heavily
What did you do today = free recall
Recog word list tests
More representation in hippocampus

Question 24

Indirect tests

Answer 24

Cryptomnesia
Not consciously encoded
Implicit
Measure influence of experience without recalling past
Ppts encode words then make judgment
Then test asks to perform some task that can be done without recalling any particular experience. In a lexical decision task, ppts receive words and nonwords and decide which is legal
Ppts better when words previously viewed even when unaware
Despite absence of contextual cuing, recent experience with stimulus improves performance = repetition priming - past experience influences us unconsciously

Question 25

Repetition priming

Answer 25

Past experience influences us unconsciously

Question 26

Repetition suppression

Answer 26

Stimulus repetitions are associated with reduced neural activity in region responding to stimulus
Reflects increased efficiency of neural processing arising from persisting perceptual traces in sensory cortex

Question 27

Context-dependent memory

Answer 27

Environmental
Mood
State-dependent
Material learned underwater best recalled underwater
Inward focus during encoding lessens context effects
Context-dependent memory effects grow as delay between encoding and retrieval increases
Drunks
Depression
Russian/English memories

Question 28

Reconstructive memory

Dooling

Answer 28

Certain aspects we can recall but others we have to figure out by inference
Info pops up for no reason
Fragments that pop up we use as clues
Story about Carol Harris really about Helen Keller - people claimed they recognized seeing sentences about her when they hadn’t - some were told just before test the story was really about HK
These errors grow over time because original memory grows less accessible

Question 29

Recog memory

Answer 29

Unlike recall because stimulus intact
Tests include old and new items 
Distractors are lures and foils
In a forced-choice recog test
Yes can mean uncertainty
Penalty for guessing person will be more connservative

Question 30

Signal detection theory
Green
Helps previous question

Answer 30

Follows Recognition concept
Hit if heard
Miss if not heard
False alarm if not presented but heard
Correct rejection if not presented/heard
Used for yes/no recog tests
Hit if studied and seen
Miss if studied but misclassified as new
False alarm if new but classified old
Correct rejection if new and classified new
Memory traces have strength values
Theory assumes new items will have familiarity also
By computing person’s hit rate and false alarm one get computer d and beta
By placing criterion between mean of 2 distributions the person would be unbiased

Question 31

Challenges to signal detection theory

Answer 31

On free recall tests, words used frequently are better recalled than infrequently
But less recognized
This is word frequency effect

Question 32

Tulving

Remember/know procedure

Answer 32

Asks people to make judgments on the test about why they feel they recognize the item

Question 33

Process dissociation procedure

Jacoby

Answer 33

Ppts study visual words then audio words
Then say yes if words from either presented (inclusion condition)
Group 2 says yes only for audio words (exclusion condition)
People’s correct recog of visually presented items should mix items they recognize based on famliarity and items they recog based on recollection
Subtract errors in exclusion condition
Yes to an item visually presented means they can’t be recollecting it - because the list is verbal only
Recollection can be estimated by subtracting errors from overall recog
Distraction during test is more disruptive to recollection than judgments of familiarity
Support claim recollection is controlled, attention-demanding process

Question 34

Perirhinal cortex

Answer 34

Responsible for feelings of familiarity

Hippo is recollection

Question 35

Source monitoring

Answer 35

Examining origins of what we retrieve and decide whether it is reliable
Source misattribution error = misattributing source of recollections
When someone is induced to form a mental image of a word, they are more likely to later mistakenly claim they saw a picture of the object