Chapter 8: Reproductive Cyclicity: the follicular phase

Question 1

What has to happen for the onset of follicular development

Answer 1

lysis of CL

Question 2

Gonadotropin hormonal cascade

Answer 2

increase in FSH and LH -> increased follicular growth -> increased estradiol -> estrus caused -> GnRH surge -> LH surge -> Oocyte maturation -> Ovulation

Question 3

Where does GnRH come from?

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Question 4

Where is GnRH secreted

Answer 4

PPP

Question 5

Where are FSH and LH secreted

Answer 5

secondary Portal plexus

Question 6

purpose of PPP system

Answer 6

Channel where GnRH can act and not get diluted by systemic circulation

Question 7

center with small spikes of GnRH that occur infrequently

Answer 7

Tonic center

Question 8

center with high amplitude GnRH release

Answer 8

Surge center

Question 9

What causes surge center to release GnRH

Answer 9

when the threshold of E2 is met. (pre-ov surge)

Question 10

How often do the small spikes of GnRH occur in the follicular phase?

Answer 10

1.5-2 hrs

Question 11

How often do the small spikes of GnRH occur in the luteal phase?

Answer 11

4-8 hrs

Question 12

2 mechanisms that cause LH surge

Answer 12

positive feedback and neural reflex

Question 13

what type of animals depend on positive feedback for LH surges?

Answer 13

spontaneous ovulators

Question 14

what type of animals depend on neural reflex for LH surges?

Answer 14

induced ovulators

Question 15

selectively supresses secretion of FSH

Answer 15

inhibin

Question 16

How does Inhibin affect LH

Answer 16

it doesn’t affect LH

Question 17

Aside from Inhibin, what also has a negative feedback on FSH

Answer 17

Estradiol

Question 18

stages of the estrous cycle

Answer 18

diestrus, proestrus, estrus, metestrus

Question 19

stages of the Estrous cycle in the Follicular phase

Answer 19

proestrus and estrus

Question 20

stages of the estrous cycle in the luteal phase

Answer 20

metestrus and diestrus

Question 21

types of cells in antral follicle

Answer 21

theca interna & granulosal cells

Question 22

T or F: Theca interna and granulosal cells have a role in E2 synthesis

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Which cells have receptors for LH

Answer 23

theca interna

Question 24

when LH binds with its receptors on Theca interna cells, what results

Answer 24

cascade results in T4 production which enters granulosal cells

Question 25

What cells have FSH receptors

Answer 25

Granulosal

Question 26

what happens when FSH binds to its receptor on granulosal cells?

Answer 26

different protein kinase activate aromatase system to convert T4 to E2

Question 27

What does E2 do in the female repro tract

Answer 27

increase blood flow, increase edema, increase mucus secretion, increase WBC’s, smooth muscle motility, growth of uterine glands, increases repro behaviors

Question 28

phonation, “mating call” activity

Answer 28

Lordosis

Question 29

follicular atresia

Answer 29

depletion of follicles

Question 30

Lack of cyclicity

Answer 30

menopause

Question 31

physical actions by the body to prepare for ovulation

Answer 31

elevated blood flow, breakdown of connective tissue around follicle, and ovarian contractions

Question 32

local elevated blood flow

Answer 32

hyperemia

Question 33

what controls hyperemia

Answer 33

histamine and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2)

Question 34

what cells become edematous

Answer 34

theca interna

Question 35

What does the preovulatory LH surge cause?

Answer 35

increase in PGE2, PGF2a, shift from E2 to P4, weakening of surface epithelium, gap junction breakdown.

Question 36

what does PGF2a cause

Answer 36

contraction of smooth muscle within ovary

Question 37

apex of follicle

Answer 37

stigma

Question 38

What does P4 do to the follicle

Answer 38

promote collagenase which breaks down the follicular wall

Question 39

when does the 1st meiotic division and the formation of the 1st polar body happen?

Answer 39

prior to ovulation

Question 40

what is the result of the 2nd meiotic division

Answer 40

haploid

Question 41

when is the 2nd polar body formed

Answer 41

post ovulation