Chapter 8 QUESTIONS Flashcards
How is the energy that cells use stored?
Chemical bonds found in food
What is the energy that is needed to start chemical reactions called
Activation energy
What is the end product of photosynthesis?
Oxygen, glucose and water
Reactions that requires energy to keep them going are called?
Endergonic reactions
Chemosynthesis
The use of chemichals (organic & or inorganic) to produce their own food. It is only for autotrophs that do not receive sunlight
Cellular respiration
Process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compunds. It happens in heterotrophs
End product of celular respiration
Water vapor and carbon dioxide
Where does the most production of oxygen happens?
The ocean
What lowers the amount of energy needed to start a reaction?
Enzymes
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
The first source of energy for the animals comes from…
Carbohydrates
The first source of energy for the planet comes from…
The Sun
What is ATP made out of?
Adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates
Parts of photosynthesis
Light reaction (Light dependent reaction, the day reaction) and the Calvin Cycle (Light independent reaction, the dark reaction, the night reaction)
How does ATP provide energy?
By transferring its 3rd phosphate group
Procesess of Cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
What is the end product of fermentation?
Lactic acid
How is a glucose molecule activated?
By receiving a phosphate groups
How do ATP, ADP and AMP differ?
By the amount of phosphate groups
The ATP-ADP cycle can be compared to what?
A battery that recharges itself
In photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into what?
Chemical energy
What is the ultimate source of energy for cells?
The sun
What is the main function of chlorophyll?
Trap sunlight
Besides chlorophyll, enzymes and sunlight, what are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water
What are the main products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
The rate of photosynthesis is affected by?
Amount of raw materials. light intensity and temperature
At extreme temperatures why does photosynthesis decrease?
Enzyme’s activity is lessened
The portion of light the human eye can perceive is called?
The visible spectrum
Packets of light energy are called?
Photons
What colors of light provide most energy for photosynthesis?
Violet-blue and red
Substances that absorb light are called?
Pigments
What type of chlorophyll do plants contain?
A and B
When light strikes a chlorophyll molecule what provides the energy?
Excited electrons
What are the 2 other pigments found in plant cells (and their color)?
Xanthophylls (yellow) and Carotenes (orange)
What is grana?
Place where photosynthesis begins (stacks of disc like sacs)
What is stroma?
Fluid inside the chloroplast
What are the 2 phases of photosynthesis?
Light reactions and dark reactions (Light dependent reactions nad Calvin Cycle)
Can dark reactions occur in the presence of light?
Yes
What does sunlight do to electrons?
Makes them have a higher energy level
When energized electrons move from one molecule to another releasing energy, what is this called?
Electron transport chain
Energy released by electrons is used to?
Build ATP
What happens to the oxygen obtained from breaking the water molecule?
Released into the atmosphere
Dark reactions use ATP energy and the hydrogen acceptor to form?
Glucose
The carbon for the glucose comes from?
Carbon dioxide
Where does the dark phase take place?
Stroma
The dark phase is also called the?
Calvin cycle
What is RDP?
A 5 carbon sugar
What does RDP mean?
Ribulose diphosphate
What do RDP and carbon dioxide produce?
Phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
PGA and hydrogen react to produce?
Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
Where does this hydrogen come from?
Light reactions
PGAL is used primarily to make more?
RDP
How many molecules of PGAL are used to make glucose?
2
How do plants store excess glucose?
As starch
What is the function of a potato?
To store large amounts of starch
Name two other molecules formed by plants from glucose?
Sucrose and cellulose
In cellular respiration, chemical bonds are broken to obtain?
Energy to be used by cells
Who produces the “food molecules”?
Plant cells
Glycolysis breaks glucose to produce?
2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm
How many full molecules of ATP does glycolysis produce per glucose molecule?
2
Why is glycolysis ANAEROBIC?
It doesn’t require oxygen
After glycolysis if there is oxygen, pyruvic acid is broken down more and produces…
More ATP
After glycolysis if there is NOT any oxygen, pyruvic acid is broken down more and produces…
Ethyl alcohol or lactic acid
What is the previous process called?
Fermentation
What is alcoholic fermentation?
Combining hydrogen and pyruvic acid to form ethyl alcohol
In what kind of cells does lactic acid fermentation take place?
Animal muscle cells
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Inside the mitochondria
What are the reactants of areobic respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water and energy
How many molecules of ATP are produced by aerobic respiration including glycolysis?
38
What is the main product of Pyruvic acid conversión?
Acetyl CoA
What is the main molecule used in Krebs Cycle?
Citric acid
How much ATP is obtained from one Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
Where does the energy for the formation of ATP come from?
The electron transport chain
How many Hydrogen atoms are involved?
24
How many ATP molecules does the electron transport chain produce per glucose molecule?
34
