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Zoology > Chapter 8 Principles of Development > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Principles of Development Flashcards

1
Q

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold

A

Tissue induction using salamander embyros
- Take dorsal lip from salamander gastrula, implant on another host salamander, get a brand new salamander

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2
Q

What happens with Spemann and Mangold?

A

Spemann wins Nobel Prize in 1935
Mangold dies from gas heater accident

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3
Q

Preformation

A

the entire organism was in a miniaturized version within a sperm or egg

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4
Q

Epigenesis

A

(origin upon or after) an egg contains building material, activated by sperm.

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5
Q

A cell which has committed to a fate it is determined by one of two processes

A
  1. Specification
  2. Induction (usually irreversible)
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6
Q

Morphogenetic Determinants

A

transcription and inducing factors, direct activation and repress genes at the correct times

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7
Q

oocyte maturation

A

the egg increases in size

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8
Q

germinal vesicle

A

nucleus grows rapidly in size during egg maturation, becoming bloated with RNA and changes in appearance

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9
Q

T/F In some organismsm, Fertilization occurs before the oocyte has undergone meiosis

A

True
timing of fertilization is highly variable among organisms with regard to oocyte maturity

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10
Q

fertilization

A

male and female gametes unite to form a zygote
- combination of male and female genes
- restores diploid chromosomal status

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11
Q

T/F sperm is not always required for egg activatio

A

true

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12
Q

species specific recognition proteins

A

prevent fertilization by another species (postmating, prezygotic isolating mechanism). Especially useful for gametes in water.

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13
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilization by more than one sperm

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14
Q

fast block

A

electrical potential charge change in the egg membrane that acts as an electrical fence preventing other sperms from fusing in

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15
Q

slow block

A

cortical reaction, thousands of enzyme capsules release their contents between the egg membrane and vitellene envelope. Creates an osmotic gradient, water rushes in, sperm washed away. Later, causes the vitellene membrane to harden and physically block sperm.

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16
Q

fertilization membrane

A

harden vitelline envelope, permanent physical barrier to sperm

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17
Q

Sea urchin fertilization
Why do we use them?

A
  • Easy to find, cheap
  • Fertilization external, easy in lab
  • Embryo transparent, easy to see development
  • Very historic, aristotle used them
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18
Q

blastomeres

A

small, maneuverable cells

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19
Q

cleavage

A

no growth, big mass dividing to a group of normal sized cells
polarity is established
- animal pole
- vegetal pole (yolk end)

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20
Q

4 basic ways of yolk distribution

A
  • Isolecithal
  • Mesolecithal
  • Telolecithal
  • Centrolecithal
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21
Q

Isolecithal

A

eggs with very little yolk, evenly distributed throughout the egg
cleave easily

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22
Q

Mesolecithal

A

moderate amount of yolk at vegetal pole

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23
Q

telolecithal

A

lots of yolk at vegetal pole

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24
Q

centrolecithal

A

large, centrally located yolk

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25
Q

meroblastic

A

lots of yolk, cells sitting on top of undivided yolk
incomplete cleavage

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26
Q

holoblastic

A

cleavage furrows extened completely through the egg

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27
Q

direct development

A

embryo to a miniature adult

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28
Q

indirect development

A

multiple developmental stages

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29
Q

matrotrophy

A

the mother norusishes the developing embryo (shortcut for both developments)

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30
Q

bastula

A

a cluster of cells, usually hollow (blastocoel)

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31
Q

blastocoel

A

one layer of germ cells (one tissue layer)

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32
Q

gastrulation

A

the conversion of the spherical blastula into a two or three layered embyro

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33
Q

archenteron

A

the internal pouch formed in gastrulation

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34
Q

blastopore

A

the opening to the archenteron

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35
Q

three primary germ cell layers: triploblastic

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

36
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer; becomes integument and nervous system

37
Q

endoderm

A

most of the GI tract, most of the internal organs

38
Q

mesoderm

A

most connective tissues, fluids, and muscles

39
Q

coelom

A

a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm, formed through one of two methods:
- schizocoely
- enterocoely

40
Q

schizocoely

A

mesodermal band of tissue around gut forms before coelom. Splits mesodermal tissue. Coelom forms by ingression of mesoderm. in Protostomes

41
Q

enterocoely

A

mesodferm forms two pockets of tissue, one on each side that eventually meet. coelom and mesoderm form at the same time. in deuterostome

42
Q

protostomes

A

blastopore becomes mouth
spiral cleavage

43
Q

deteurostome

A

blastopore becomes anus
radial cleavage

44
Q

driesch experiment

A

sea urchin grinding and shaking

45
Q

driesch and spemann/mangold

A

lead to the idea that every somatic cell contains the full genetic instructions for making an organism
- leads to cloning of cell lines and whole organisms (stem cell research)

46
Q

conditional specification

A

The ability of cells to achieve their respective fates by interactions with other cells.

47
Q

primary induction

A

from the dorsal lip (ectoderm) during gastrulation, last real chance to make a whole new organism
- gastrulation is really important

48
Q

secondary induction

A

other cells types originate later from other induction events

49
Q

primary streak

A

center of early embryonic growth in many animals

50
Q

Synctial specification

A

a process that determines cell fates by involving interactions between parts of a single cell, rather than between cells

51
Q

Synctium

A

single cell membrane surrounds multiple nuclei

52
Q

Specification of body axes

A

Front/back (anteroposterior or top/bottom)
Left/right
Back/front (dorsoventral)

53
Q

Very conserved genes

A
  • hox
  • sonic hedgehog
54
Q

Hox genes

A

series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

55
Q

Sonic hedgehog

A

signaling molecule released from neural tissue beneath spinal cord

56
Q

segmentation (metamerism)

A
  • division of the body into distinct segments
    -Gap genes
    -Pair-rule genes
57
Q

gap genes

A

big segments

58
Q

pair rule genes

A

divide the big segments into repeated segments

59
Q

homeotic mutations

A

lead to the wrong body part forming in the wrong place

60
Q

Protostomia clades

A

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

61
Q

Mosaic development

A

Pattern of animal embryonic development in which each blastomere contributes a specific part of the adult body. highly influence by distribution of cytoplasm

62
Q

regulative development

A

A pattern of animal embryonic development in which the fates of the first blastomeres are not absolutely fixed.

63
Q

spiral cleavage

A

blastomeres cleave obliquely at 45 degree angles, results in cells somewhat offset from their parent cell (P)

64
Q

radial cleavage

A

blastomeres cleave evenly in relation to each other. Results in symmetrical looking embyro (D)

65
Q

bilaterial cleavage

A

cleavage on one side is a mirror image of the other
example - ascidians

66
Q

rotational cleavage

A

blastomeres divide at different times and some early blastomeres divide perpendicularly to others
example - mammals

67
Q

discoidal cleavage

A

cleavage restricted to a small disk of cytoplasm on top of yolk
example - reptiles, most fish

68
Q

Are all bilaterally symmetrical animals fundamentally similar?

A

yes

69
Q

can we infere the anatomy of extinct ancestral species from developmetal genes?

A

no

70
Q

is it possible that simple changes in developmental genes account for the wide diversity of organisms?

A

yes

71
Q

amniotes

A

embryos form in a membranous sac, the amnion

72
Q

four extraembryonic membranes

A

amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

73
Q

amnion

A

fluid filled sac that encoses the embryo and provides an aqueous environment in which the embryo floats, protected from mechanical shock and adhesions

74
Q

chorion

A

Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.

75
Q

allantois

A

repository for metabolic wastes during development + functions as a respiratory sruface for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

76
Q

yolk sac

A

provides nourishment, very ancient

77
Q

3 groups of mammals

A

monotremes, marsupials, placentals

78
Q

monotremes

A

lay large, yolky eggs that closely resemble bird eggs
platypus and echidna

79
Q

marsupials

A

pouched mammals
possums and kangaroos

80
Q

placentals

A

94% class mammalia
have a placenta

81
Q

placenta

A

modified version of an amnioticegg involving substantial modification to the utereus

82
Q

why isn’t the placenta rejected by the mother’s immune system?

A

it produces proteins and lymphocytes that supress the mother’s immune system

83
Q

placental development

A
  1. Allantois becomes incoporated into umbilical chord
  2. germinal period - (two weeks long in humans) embyro very resistant to outslide influence
  3. embryonic period - next eight weeks, all major organs forming, embryo extremely sensitive to outside influence
  4. fetal period - after two months, mostly growth and continued development
84
Q

development of ectoderm

A
  • Responsible for the nervous system
  • Ectoderm thickens to form neural plate above notochord, edges join, form neural tube.
  • Nerve cells grow and develop from cues exterior to the cell itself. They follow “road signs.”
85
Q

development of endoderm

A
  • Forms the digestive system
  • Alimentary canal emerges from the primitive gut. Lungs, liver, pancreas emerge from foregut.
  • Gill arches and their derivatives (jaws, ears) emerge from endoderm.
86
Q

development of mesoderm

A
  • Forms muscles (Arise from repeated segments called somites)
  • Forms muscular organs such as heart

Zoology (3 decks)

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